P nitrophenylα d maltohexaoside

Fresh raw milk samples from same breed animals (i.e., bovine, Holstein Friesian) camel (Omani), goat (Salali) and sheep (Al-Nuaimi breed; n = 3 for each milk type), were obtained under refrigerated conditions from local farms of Al Ain, an eastern region of Abu Dhabi Emirates, United Arab Emirates. Various probiotic microorganisms used in this study for fermentation were isolated from camel milk. The probiotics obtained were identified using 16s rRNA sequencing and upon submission to the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (http: / / www .ncbi .nlm .nih .gov/ genbank/ ) the accession number was obtained. The following probiotics were used: LPA, LiF, LPe, PPe, and EH. The PAA from porcine pancreas, p-nitrophenylα-d-maltohexaoside as amylase chromogenic substrate, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.

Pancreatic α-amylase, human recombinant DPP-IV, lipase from porcine pancreas (type VI-S, ≥20,000 U/ mg of protein), CE from porcine pancreas (~35 U/ mg), p-nitrophenyl-α-d-maltohexaoside, gly-pro-pnitroanilide hydrochloride, and p-nitrophenyl butyrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All the chemicals, solvents, and standards used for SDS-PAGE were purchased from Bio-Rad and those for HPLC were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and were of analytical grade.