Dimethyl sulfoxide dmso ch3 2so

Powdered sodium alginate (Mn = 357,475, Mn/Mw = 1.392, M/G = 0.32) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich from the United States. Poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was bought from Osila, USA. Starch from wheat (C₆H₁₀O₅)_n containing moisture content of about 8.8–11.5%, protein ≤ 0.3%, and particle size ≥95% (−120 mesh) was obtained. High amylopectin content in starch makes it easier to graft more acrylonitrile side chains, whereas high amylose content in starch decreases the grafting ratio of acrylonitrile. Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO (CH₃)₂SO (assay 99.9%; Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, UK)) and sulfuric acid H₂SO₄ were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, UK. The activated carbon (surface area: 1800–2000 m²/g, particle size: 5–20 m) coating was applied to the graphite conductive substrate, which was used as an electrode. This substrate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The solvent used was deionized water (DI).

Selenium(IV) oxide (SeO₂, 99%), β-cyclodextrin (C₄₂H₇₀O₃₅, 98%), ethylene glycol (EG, C₂H₆O₂, 99.5%), silver(I) nitrate (AgNO₃, 99%), and L(+)-ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆, 99%) were purchased from Daejung Chemical & Materials Co. (Seoul, Korea). The PEDOT:PSS (Clevious PH 1000) was purchased from Heraeus Clevios GmbH (Leverkusen, Germany). The dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; (CH₃)₂SO, 99%), and ethanol (C₂H₅OH, 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). All materials were used without further purification.