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Gentamicin

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Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, effectively killing or preventing the growth of various bacterial strains.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ciprofloxacin, by Mast Group (23 mentions) Amikacin, by Mast Group (21 mentions) Ceftazidime, by Mast Group (20 mentions) Imipenem, by Mast Group (19 mentions) Cefotaxime, by Mast Group (13 mentions) Cefepime, by Mast Group (12 mentions) Tetracycline, by Mast Group (12 mentions) Ceftriaxone, by Mast Group (9 mentions) Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, by Mast Group (9 mentions) Ampicillin, by Mast Group (9 mentions) Meropenem, by Mast Group (9 mentions) Levofloxacin, by Mast Group (8 mentions) Piperacillin tazobactam, by Mast Group (8 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by Mast Group (7 mentions) Tobramycin, by Mast Group (7 mentions) Ertapenem, by Mast Group (6 mentions) Ampicillin sulbactam, by Mast Group (6 mentions) Vancomycin, by Mast Group (6 mentions) Aztreonam, by Mast Group (6 mentions) Cefoxitin, by Mast Group (6 mentions)

30 protocols using gentamicin

1

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cefotaxime-Resistant E. coli

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The antibiotic susceptibility of cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (CLSI, 2017). The susceptibility against eleven antibiotics, including ceftazidime (CAZ: 30 µg), ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (CAZ/CLA: 30/10 µg), cefotaxime (CTX: 30 µg), cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (CTX/CLA: 30/10 µg), cefepime (CPM: 30 µg), amikacin (AK: 30 µg), gentamicin (GM: 30 µg), ciprofloxacin (CIP: 5 µg), levofloxacin (LVX: 5 µg), ertapenem (ETP: 10 µg), imipenem (IMP: 10 µg) (all from MastGroup Ltd., Merseyside, United Kingdom) were examined. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as a control sample. The double-disk synergy test (DDST) was performed according to the CLSI guidelines to detect ESBL producing isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were used as positive and negative controls in the DDST method, respectively. Every strain that was resistant against at least one agent in three or more antibiotic classes, considered as the Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR).
Aghamohammad S., Nikbin V.S., Badmasti F, & Shahcheraghi F. (2022). High heterogeneity of fecal carriage extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli isolated from iranian community and clinical settings. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22, 318.
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2

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of CRAB

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The antibiotics susceptibility of isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines [17 ] and against the following antibiotics: imipenem (10 mg), ceftazidime (30 mg), ceftriaxone (30 mg), amikacin (30 mg), gentamicin (10 mg), tetracycline (30 mg), piperacillin/tazobactam (110 mg), ampicillin/sulbactam (20 mg), ciprofloxacin (5 mg), levofloxacin (5 mg) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 mg) (Mast Group Ltd, UK). The CRAB was defined when the isolate was resistant to imipenem [16 (link)].
Abdollahi A., Aliramezani A., Salehi M., Norouzi Shadehi M., Ghourchian S, & Douraghi M. (2021). Co-infection of ST2IP carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with SARS-CoV-2 in the patients admitted to a Tehran tertiary referral hospital. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21, 927.
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3

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling

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All isolates were examined for resistance to routine antimicrobial agents by standard disk diffusion method using Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as control strains (17 ). The antibiotics tested were gentamicin, amikacin, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, rifampicin and erythromycin (Mast Co, the UK). Isolates showing intermediate levels of susceptibility were classified as nonsusceptible.
Abdinia B., Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, & Abdoli Oskouie S. (2014). Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children: A 10-Year Referral Hospital-Based Study in Northwest Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(7), e17616.
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4

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of K. pneumoniae Isolates

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The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out for all K. pneumoniae isolates for 12 antibiotics using standard disk diffusion test according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI) (14 ). The antibiotic disks used in the study were imipenem (10 ug), meropenem (10 ug), piperacillin (30 ug), piperacillin-tazobactam (100-10 ug), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 ug), ceftazidime (30 ug), cefepime (30 ug), ampicillin-sulbactam (10–10 ug), aztreonam (30 ug), ciprofloxacin (5 ug), gentamicin (10 ug), and tetracycline (30 ug) (MAST Group Ltd, Merseyside, UK). Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used as quality controls strains for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Shoja S., Ansari M., Bengar S., Rafiei A., Shamseddin J, & Alizade H. (2022). Bacteriological characteristics of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae rmpA gene (hvKp-rmpA)-harboring strains in the south of Iran. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 14(4), 475-483.
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5

Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of NDM-1 Isolates

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Antibiotic susceptibility of the blaNDM-1 positive isolates was determined by the Kirby–Bauer method as recommended by the CLSI. The 11 standard antibiotic disks used include: imipenem (10 µg), meropenem (10 µg), ertapenem (10 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), cefepime (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), piperacillin/tazobactam (100/10 µg), amikacin (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg) and aztreonam (30 µg) (Mast Group Ltd, UK). The ESBL phenotype was identified using combined disk method by disks of ceftazidime (30 mg) with (10 mg) and without clavulanic acid (Mast Group Ltd, UK), applied to all blaNDM−1 positive isolates (15). Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of imipenem (10 µg/ml) [≤ 2 mg/L (susceptible), 4 mg/L (intermediate), and ≥ 8 mg/L (resistant)] (Liofilchem, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy) were applied by gradient test strips to blaNDM−1 positive P. aeruginosa isolates [18 ].
Shahin M, & Ahmadi A. (2021). Molecular characterization of NDM-1-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from hospitalized patients in Iran. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 20, 76.
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6

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Acinetobacter baumannii

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method against the following antibiotic discs according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines [28 ]. Microbial susceptibility test was conducted using the following antimicrobials: gentamicin (10 μg), tobramycin (10 μg), amikacin (30 μg), imipenem (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), piperacillin/tazobactam (100/10 μg), ampicillin/sulbactam (10/10 μg) and levofloxacin (5 μg) (Mast Group Ltd., Bootle Merseyside, UK). Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 was used as the quality control strain in antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Rashvand P., Peymani A., Mohammadi M., Karami A.A., Samimi R., Hajian S., Porasgari D, & Habibollah-Pourzereshki N. (2021). Molecular survey of aminoglycoside-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from tertiary hospitals in Qazvin, Iran. New Microbes and New Infections, 42, 100883.
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7

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Pseudomonas

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DST was performed using disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) on Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) plates according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline [13 ]. The tested antibiotic disks were: imipenem (10μg), meropenem (10μg), amikacin (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), ceftriaxone(30μg), ceftazidime (30μg), colistin-sulfate (10μg), pipracillin-tazobactam (100/10μg), and gentamicin (10μg) [Mast Co., UK]. P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was used as a control strain for DST.
Khosravi A.D., Motahar M, & Abbasi Montazeri E. (2017). The frequency of class1 and 2 integrons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in a burn center of Ahvaz, Iran. PLoS ONE, 12(8), e0183061.
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8

Methicillin Resistance Screening in S. aureus

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The disk diffusion method using cefoxitin (30 μg) disk in Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) according to the CLSI was applied for the screening of methicillin resistance isolates. In addition, PCR assay was used for the detection of mecA gene.12
The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of the isolates against penicillin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, linezolid, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Mast Co., UK) based on the CLSI recommendation (CLSI 2019). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for vancomycin, mupirocin, tigecycline, and fusidic acid was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results for fusidic acid and tigecycline were interpreted according to the European Committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) breakpoints (http://www.eucast.org). Low-level and high-level mupirocin resistance (LLMUPR, HLMUPR) were defined if MIC values of 8–256 µg/mL and ≥512 µg/mL were obtained. S. aureus strains ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300 and ATCC 29213 were used as reference strains.
Goudarzi M., Tayebi Z., Fazeli M., Miri M, & Nasiri M.J. (2020). Molecular Characterization, Drug Resistance and Virulence Analysis of Constitutive and Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus Strains Recovered from Clinical Samples, Tehran – Iran. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 1155-1162.
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9

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Isolates

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The samples were tested for their susceptibility against a panel of 11 antibiotics by using a standard disc diffusion method46 (link). The antibiotics tested were the following: oxacillin (1 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), mupirocin (20 µg), amoxicillin (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), tetracycline (10 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), cefepime (30 µg), fusidic acid (10 µg), penicillin (1 unit) and chloramphenicol (30 µg) (Mast Group, Merseyside, UK). Antibiotic profiles of each isolate ware determined according the recommendation of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC)46 (link),47 .
In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for oxacillin and cefoxitin were determined using E-tests (Biomerieux, Basingstoke, UK)46 (link),47 .
Cave R., Misra R., Chen J., Wang S, & Mkrtchyan H.V. (2019). Whole genome sequencing revealed new molecular characteristics in multidrug resistant staphylococci recovered from high frequency touched surfaces in London. Scientific Reports, 9, 9637.
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10

Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antibacterial susceptibility test of isolates to cefepime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), ceftizoxime (30 µg), cefpodoxime (10 µg), imipenem (10 µg), meropenem (10 µg), ertapenem (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), amikacin (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), and norfloxacin (10 µg) (Mast Group Ltd., Bootle, UK) was determined by disk diffusion method on Müller–Hinton agar media (Laboratorios CONDA, Madrid, Spain) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).12 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates to cefotaxime, cefepime, and imipenem was determined by microbroth dilution method according to CLSI. To determine MIC of colistin and tigecycline by microbroth dilution method, we used the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing recommendations (http://www.eucast. org/clinical-breakpoints). Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used as standard strains in antibacterial susceptibility testing.
Kiaei S., Moradi M., Hosseini-Nave H., Ziasistani M, & Kalantar-Neyestanaki D. (2018). Endemic dissemination of different sequence types of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains harboring blaNDM and 16S rRNA methylase genes in Kerman hospitals, Iran, from 2015 to 2017. Infection and Drug Resistance, 12, 45-54.
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