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Ammonium hydroxide nh4oh

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Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) is a clear, colorless, aqueous solution of ammonia. It is a common laboratory reagent used for various applications in chemical analysis and synthesis. Ammonium hydroxide serves as a pH adjustor, a complexing agent, and a mild base in various chemical processes.

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22 protocols using ammonium hydroxide nh4oh

1

Synthetic Phospholipid Standards Characterization

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All of the synthetic phospholipid standards including di16:0 and di18:1 MMPE, di16:0 and di18:1 DMPE, di16:0, di18:3, and 16:0-22:6 PE, and di14:1 PC were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA). All of these standards were used without further purification. All organic solvents used for lipid extraction, sample preparation, and MS analysis were obtained from Burdick and Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Deuterated methyl iodide (CD3I), streptozotocin [N-(methylnitrosocarbamoyl)-α-D-glucosamine] (STZ), and other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. in their highest purity available (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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2

Production and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Particles

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For the production of HA particles, the following chemicals were acquired: calcium nitrate tetra-hydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O) (ACROS Organics, Geel, Belgium); di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) and ethanol (≥99.8%, AnalaR NORMAPUR®) (VWR-Prolabo Chemicals, Lutterworth, UK); and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) (35%, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Leicestershire, UK). The reagents used for hydrogel manufacture were as follows: Chitosan (100–300 kDa, Deacetylation degree: ≥90%), glacial acetic acid, glycerol (99%) (ACROS Organics, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Geel, Belgium); sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (Fluka®, Sigma Aldrich, Morris Plains, NJ, USA); and sodium bovine heparin (Injectable grade, 156 IU/mg) (a kind present from Extrasul (Ext. An. Veg. LTDA, Sao Paulo, Brazil)). For the analyses, n-hexane (95+%), 1N-HCl and Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, ACROS Organics, Geel, Belgium) were purchased. De-ionised ultrapure (Type-I) water (D.H2O) (Veolia, PURELAB® Chorus, 18.2 MΩ.cm, Wycombe, UK) was used in all studies.
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3

Endothelial Cell Signaling Pathway Reagents

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Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), heparin, trypan blue, agarose, trypsin, Tris, HEPES, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), cycloheximide, penicillin, L-glutamine, gelatin, streptomycin, Nonidet P40, dithiothreitol, bromophenol blue, SDS, NaCl, EDTA, DMSO, glycerol, matrigel, and Triton X-100, were from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was from Fischer Scientific (Houston, TX). Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), aprotinin, leupeptin, and pepstatin A were from Roche Applied Sciences (Indianapolis, IN). M199 medium, bovine calf serum, 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA), and lipofectamine were from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, CA). LY294002 was from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) was from Genzyme (Boston, MA). Endothelial cell growth factor was from Becton Dickinson (Bedford, MA). A polyclonal antibody against HO-1 was from Assay Designs (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), antibodies against Nrf2, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and β-actin were from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA), and antibodies against glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and phospho (ser-9)-GSK3β (GSK3β-P) were from Cell Signaling Technologies (Danvers, MA). [32P]dCTP (3000Ci/mmol) was from Amersham (Arlington Heights, IL).
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles

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Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate
(FeCl2·4H2O) 99%, iron (III) chloride
hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) 99%,
tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) 25% w/v, agarose high melting
point, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, sodium acetate, 1,10-phenantroline
monohydrate and iron standard (Cat. #56209) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) 29% v/v and nitric
acid 70% v/v (Optima Grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. All
reagents were used as received.
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5

Extraction and Analysis of GYM-A Toxins

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Dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and tetrachloroethylene were purchased from Macklin Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile, methanol (MeOH), and acetone were obtained from Merck Ltd. (Darmstadt, HE, Germany). Sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). All chemical reagents were of HPLC-grade purity. The GYM-A certified reference material (CRM) was purchased from the National Research Council (Halifax, NS, Canada). Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity or better) was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Ltd., SAS., Molsheim, France). The adsorbent resin, HP20, was purchased from the Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (Tokyo, Japan).
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6

Quantitative Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans

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DS, chondroitin sulfate A (CS), HS, and creatinine standards, as well as methanol-D4 (99.8 atom % D) and ammonium acetate (≥ 98% purity) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Louis, MO, USA). Creatinine-D3 (methyl D3, 99 atom % D) was obtained from CDN Isotopes Inc. (Pointe-Claire, QC, CAN). Optima® LC-MS grade water (H2O) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). HPLC grade methanol (MeOH) and LC-MS grade acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from EMD Chemicals Inc. (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanolic hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3 N was purchased from Oakwood Chemicals (Estill, SC, USA). Acetyl chloride was purchased from Fluka (Milwaukee, WI, USA), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was obtained from Fisher Chemicals (Hampton, NH, USA), and formic acid (FA) was from Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
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7

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Epithelial Markers

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GAPDH antibody was obtained from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). E-cadherin and β-catenin antibodies were purchased from abcam (Shanghai, China). HIF-1a antibody was obtained from ABclonal (Wuhan, China). Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibody was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Shanghai, China). House dust mite (HDM) was purchased from Greer (Beijing, China). Ammonium acetate (NH4AC) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Shanghai, China), and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and methanol were purchased from Fisher.
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Dental Composites

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TEGDMA (>95%), 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA; 98%), camphorquinone (CQ; 97%), BisGMA ( 98%), γ-MPS (98%), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN; ≥98.0%), and ethanol absolute (EtOH, ≥99.8%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany), and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 35%) from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Except AIBN, all the other chemicals were used in their original form. Distilled water was used wherever required.
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9

Identification of Undeclared Pharmaceutical Adulterants

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A sample with oval beige tablet form (200mg/tablet) was submitted for testing by a consumer who was skeptical on its claim of “pure nature”. Vardenafil (VAR) and desethylvardenafil (DEV) as reference chemicals were purchased from Alta Scientific (Tianjin, China). LC-MS grade methanol, acetonitrile (ACN), formic acid, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and GC-grade dichloromethane (DCM) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (New Jersey, USA). Deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). AR (analytical reagent)-grade chemicals and reagents were purchased from local commercial suppliers. The lab water (ultra-pure grade with 18.2 MΩ) was prepared by a Milli-Q IQ7005 water purification system (Millipore SAS, Molsheim, France).
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10

Fluorescein-TEOS Silica Nanoparticles

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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and fluorescein were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Acetic acid (HOAc) was from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was from Fisher Chemical (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with MW = 200 Da (PEG200), and MW = 600 Da (PEG600), respectively, were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). Gentamycin sulfate 600 IU/mg was from Alfa Aesar.
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