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10 protocols using o glcnac

1

Protein Interaction and O-GlcNAcylation Analysis

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IP was performed using Protein G IP Kit (Roche, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. For western blotting, cell pellets were solubilized with RIPA buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China) with addition of cOmplete Protease Inhibitors (Roche, Switzerland) and PhosSTOP Phosphastase Inhibitors (Roche, Switzerland), electrophoresed, and blotted onto PVDF membranes. The membranes were incubated with indicated primary antibodies followed by the incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch, UK). Protein concentration was calculated by the BCA Protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific Pierce, UK). Blotted proteins were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Tiangen Biotech, China). The intensity of the bands was analyzed by Quantity One V 4.62 Software. Antibodies against GNB2L1 (Abcam, USA) was used for both IP and WB, and antibodies against OGT, OGA, GAPDH, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, O-GlcNAc (Abcam, USA) were used in WB.
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2

Antibody Mapping for Cell Signaling

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The following antibodies were used in this study: VINCULIN (Cell Signaling 13901), ACTIN (Santa Cruz sc-47778), GAPDH (Cell Signaling 5174), GFAT1 (Abcam 125069), NAGK (Atlas Antibodies HPA035207), O-GlcNAc (Abcam 2735), panCK (Cytokeratin, DAKO M3515), biotinylated HABP (Calbiochem 385911), secondary anti-mouse-HRP (Cell Signaling 7076), and secondary anti-rabbit-HRP (Cell Signaling 7074).
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3

Protein Expression Analysis of Jejunal IECs

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Jejunal IECs were lysed in a RIPA buffer containing proteinase inhibitors and an OGA inhibitor. Protein extracts were separated on an SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and blotted with the indicated primary antibodies: OGT (ab96718, Abcam, Shanghai, China), O-GlcNAc (ab2739, Abcam), α-Tubulin (11224-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), P-STAT6 (Y641) (ab263947, Abcam), and STAT6 (51073-1-AP, Proteintech). After incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies, the immune complexes were detected using the ECL detection reagents (Beyotime, Shanghai, China).
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4

Immunoblotting Assay for Islet Proteins

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Immunoblotting was performed as described previously (Alejandro et al., 2014b ). Briefly, islet cells were washed after treatments with PBS before adding cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling) with protease inhibitor cocktail and phoshopStop tablets (Roche Applied Science). Primary antibodies against OGT, O-GlcNAc and Vinculin were from Abcam. Pdx-1 antibody was purchased from Millipore. Phosphorylated S6 (Ser 240), GSK3β (Ser9), and Akt (Ser473, Thr308) and total Akt antibodies were from Cell Signaling. Antibodies against β-actin and tubulin were from Sigma and Chop was from Santa Cruz. Caspase-12 was from Bioscience. Pro-insulin antibody is from ALPCO. Bip antibody was generated by Dr. Arvan’s laboratory.
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5

Immunoblotting and Affinity Purification of Post-Translationally Modified Proteins in CD8+ T Cells

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TCR stimulated CD8+ T cells were purified by magnetic separation (Stemcell Technologies) prior to protein extraction. Standard immunoblotting protocols were used19 (link). Blots were probed with antibodies recognizing, dilutions and clone/catalog numbers in brackets: c-Myc (1:1000, #9402), pY694 STAT5 (1:2000, #9351), pan STAT5 (1:1000, #9363), pT389 S6K (1:1000, #9239), S6K (1:1000, #5610) (Cell Signalling Technology), SMC1 (1:5000, A300-055A, Bethyl), β–tubulin (1:5000, H-235) (Santa Cruz), OGT (1:1000, DM17, Sigma) and O-GlcNAc (1:3000, RL2, Abcam). Lysate made from 2 × 108 day 6 CTLs were used for the succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (sWGA) affinity purifications. One half of the lysate was treated with CpOGA and other half was left untreated. Before sWGA affinity purifications, the lysates were precleared with agarose beads for 30 min at 4 °C. 50 µl sWGA beads (L-1020S, Vector Laboratories) were incubated for 16 h with the lysates and beads were washed 4 times with PBS before adding the LDS-loading buffer. For GFP-myc immune-purification, 2 × 108 GFP-MycKI CTLs were lysed and half the lysate was treated with CpOGA or left untreated before the immune-purification. The lysates were incubated with GFP-binder agarose beads (ChromoTek) for 90 min at 4 °C. Beads were washed three times with NP40 buffer before adding the LDS-loading buffer for immunoblotting.
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6

Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting of O-GlcNAcylated Proteins

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Proteins were extracted on ice with radioimmunoprecipitation buffer from 1 to 5 × 106 cells (Transgene, Beijing, China). For IP, lysates were incubated with the appropriate antibody: anti-SP1 (Proteintech, Wuhan, China). Subsequently, Protein A/G –agarose (Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Inc, USA) was added to lysates for 4 h to IP the target protein. For immunoblotting, protein samples or the IP were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Millipore, Burlington, USA). The membranes were incubated with the following antibodies: O-GlcNAc (1:1000, ab2739, RL2, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), OGT (1:1000, 11576–2-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), OGA (1:1000, 14711–1-AP, Proteintech), AQP3 (1:1000, ab125219, Abcam), beta-actin (1:1000, 20536–1-AP, Proteintech), GLUT1 (1:1000, 66290–1-Ig, Proteintech), c-Myc (1:2000, 10828–1-AP, Proteintech), SP1 (1:2000, 21962–1-AP, Proteintech), Lamin B1 (1:2000, 12987–1-AP, Proteintech), at 4 °C overnight, respectively. Then, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Proteintech) for 1 h at room temperature and visualized using a chemiluminescent substrate (Invitrogen, USA) by an Image Lab detection system (Bio-Rad, USA).
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of O-GlcNAc, GLUT1, GFAT, and GYK

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Paraffin sections of tissues were deparaffinized in xylene. After endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by hydrogen peroxide, the paraffin sections were stained with specific antibodies: O-GlcNAc (1:100, ab2739, RL2, Abcam), GLUT1 (1:100, 66290–1-Ig, Proteintech), GFAT (1:100, 14132–1-AP, Proteintech), or GYK (1:100, 13360–1-AP, Proteintech). Immunodetection was carried out with biotinylated IgG (ZSGB-Biotechnology Co., Beijing, China), followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin solution. Finally, the color reactants were developed with diaminobenzidine.
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8

Investigating TRPM7 and O-GlcNAcylation

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2-APB, SKF96365, and thiamet G were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). PugNAc and antibodies for TRPM7, ORAI1, STIM1, OGA, O-GlcNAc and ITGB7 were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Antibody for ubiquitin was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA) and secondary antibodies were from EMD Millipore (Berlington, MA, USA). MG-132 and all other antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Other reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich (Dallas, MA, USA).
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9

Immunoblotting and Affinity Purification of Post-Translationally Modified Proteins in CD8+ T Cells

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TCR stimulated CD8+ T cells were purified by magnetic separation (Stemcell Technologies) prior to protein extraction. Standard immunoblotting protocols were used19 (link). Blots were probed with antibodies recognizing, dilutions and clone/catalog numbers in brackets: c-Myc (1:1000, #9402), pY694 STAT5 (1:2000, #9351), pan STAT5 (1:1000, #9363), pT389 S6K (1:1000, #9239), S6K (1:1000, #5610) (Cell Signalling Technology), SMC1 (1:5000, A300-055A, Bethyl), β–tubulin (1:5000, H-235) (Santa Cruz), OGT (1:1000, DM17, Sigma) and O-GlcNAc (1:3000, RL2, Abcam). Lysate made from 2 × 108 day 6 CTLs were used for the succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (sWGA) affinity purifications. One half of the lysate was treated with CpOGA and other half was left untreated. Before sWGA affinity purifications, the lysates were precleared with agarose beads for 30 min at 4 °C. 50 µl sWGA beads (L-1020S, Vector Laboratories) were incubated for 16 h with the lysates and beads were washed 4 times with PBS before adding the LDS-loading buffer. For GFP-myc immune-purification, 2 × 108 GFP-MycKI CTLs were lysed and half the lysate was treated with CpOGA or left untreated before the immune-purification. The lysates were incubated with GFP-binder agarose beads (ChromoTek) for 90 min at 4 °C. Beads were washed three times with NP40 buffer before adding the LDS-loading buffer for immunoblotting.
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10

Quantifying O-GlcNAc in Lung Tissue

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Frozen human lung tissue20 (link) and PASMCs22 were prepared as previously described with PUGNAC (50 μM; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) + Thiamet G (25 nM, Sigma) added to block removal of the O-GlcNAc modification and subjected to Western blot analysis. Nitrocellulose membranes were probed with antisera for the following: 1) O-GlcNAc (1:1,000; clone CTD 110.6, generous gift from the lab of Dr. Gerald Hart) and HCF-1 (1:1000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) probed blots were developed using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Amersham, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), and 2) blots probed for GFAT1 (1:2,000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), OGT (1:5,000, Hart Lab), OGA (1:5,000 Hart Lab), β-Actin (1:10,000; Santa Cruz, CA, USA), GLUT1 (1:2,000; Millipore, Billerica, MA) and GLUT4 (1:2,000; Millipore) were blocked, washed, and imaged using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (Li-Cor Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA).
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