Cilengitide

Exosomes were isolated from ovarian cancer cells that had been transfected with either LV-ETS1 or LV-GFP (LV-ETS1 Exos or LV-GFP Exos). Macrophages (derived from THP-1 cells or murine peritoneal macrophages) were seeded into 12-well plates, and exosomes were added to macrophages at a concentration of 10 μg/1 × 10⁵ cells, along with 1 μM cilengitide (MedChemExpress, USA) to co-culture for 48 h for subsequent experiments.

Human U-87 and U-251 glioblastoma cells were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA); Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), from Mediatech (Manassas, VA, USA); fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin–streptomycin, from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA); poly-L-lysine solution (0.01%), from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA); sodium pyruvate, MEM non-essential amino acids, and GlutaMax, from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA); and trypsin, from CellGro (Manassas, VA, USA). A WST cell proliferation assay kit was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies (Rockville, MD, USA). High-viscosity alginic acid sodium salt from brown algae (alginate) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA); sterile alginate covalently coupled with GRGDSP, from FMC BioPolymer (Philadelphia, PA, USA); rat-tail collagen, from Advanced BioMatrix (San Diego, CA, USA); and agarose (low melting), from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA), used as received. The chemical inhibitor of the RhoA-ROCK pathway (Y-27632) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA), and that of the Rac pathway (NSC23766), from EMD Biosciences (La Jolla, CA, USA). Integrin inhibitor RGD was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA); GRGDSP, from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA); and cilengitide, from MedChem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).