The general characteristics were collected through file audit and self-report. The primary outcomes were the Static and dynamic balance abilities by measured with the Balance System SD (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY, USA). The secondary outcomes were the changes in gait abilities. The GAITRite system (CIR Systems, Inc., PA, USA) was used to assess gait velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, and swing phase. All measurements were performed at the beginning of the study and 4 weeks after the intervention.
Gaitrite system
Manufactured by CIR Systems
Sourced in United States
The GAITRite system is a portable electronic walkway used to collect and analyze spatial and temporal gait parameters. It captures data as individuals walk across the instrumented mat, providing objective measurements of various gait characteristics.
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30 protocols using gaitrite system
1
Balance and Gait Improvement Protocol
2
Gait Characteristics in Dementia Research
3
Gait Assessment in Dual-Task Conditions
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Gait data was acquired at each clinical visit. The GAITRite system (CIR Systems, Inc., Sparta, NJ, United States), an electric sensor walkway, was used for collection of gait data. In the single task condition, participants were instructed to walk across the walkway “using their normal everyday walking speed.” In the dual task condition, participants were additionally instructed to spell a word backward aloud while walking (for list of words, see the GAITRite manual). Stride length (the line of progression between two consecutive footprints of the same foot) and step time (time elapsed between the contact of one foot on the floor to the opposite foot’s contact) served as gait performance measures in single and dual task conditions. Average stride length and step time within the single and dual task conditions were calculated at each visit. In our analysis, we used these specific gait variables: average stride length for single task, dual task, and dual-task hit, average step time for single task, dual task, and dual-task hit. GAITRite data has been analyzed successfully in older adult cohorts (MacAulay et al., 2014 (link); Brown et al., 2015 ).
4
Gait Assessment Using GAITRite System
5
Gait Analysis Using GAITRite System
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The GAITRite system (CIR Systems, Inc., Sparta, NJ) provides an objective, valid and reliable measurement of walking gait [31] (link). The GAITRite is an electronic carpeted walkway (overall dimensions: 90 cm×700 cm×3.2 mm) with encased pressure sensors within the mat that allow for collection of information regarding the respective components that make up an individual's walking gait (e.g., step time, cadence, and step width). This study specifically focused on step time, defined as the time elapsed from first contact of one foot to first contact of the opposite foot in seconds, as its primary measure of gait. A step time average score for both single task and dual task condition trials was created for each individual.
6
Gait Analysis Using GAITRite System
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To measure temporospatial gait, various gait-related variables including walking velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, double support time, and the base support between the heels of both feet (H-H base support) were measured using the GAITRite system (CIR Systems Inc. Peekskill, NY, USA), which has proven validity. The participants were asked to walk at a comfortable speed 2 m in front of a walking board and on a 4 m walking board according to the examiner’s verbal instructions [27 (link)]. The participants were measured indoors with their shoes off and socks on. The gait test was performed three times for each participant and the average value was used. The test was conducted between 1 and 4 p.m. and 10 min of rest were given between each of the three measurements.
7
Gait Analysis using GaitRite System
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The spatiotemporal gait parameters were recorded using the GaitRite system (Instrumented walkway—version 13, CIR Systems, Franklin, NJ, USA). GaitRite is a validated tool for measuring the kinematic parameters of gait. The GaitRite system is a 20 ft electronic walkway utilized to measure the temporal (timing) and spatial (two dimensions geometric position) parameters of its pressure activated sensors. The inferred parameters are easily obtained by applying common physics and math formulas to the directly measured temporal and spatial data (i.e., calculate velocity, relationships between spatial and temporal events, etc.). The definitions of spatiotemporal parameters are as per Figure 5 from the GaitRite manual version 13 and are outlined below.
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Gait Analysis Using GAITRite Plantar Pressure Mat
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The GAITRite® system (CIR Systems Inc., Peekskill, NY), a plantar pressure mat system, was used to collect gait data. The total length of the walkway was 4.88 m with pressure sensors covering an active area of 3.66 m long and 0.61 m wide. The mat was set up on a level surface for testing. The GAITRite® system's reliability and validity have been established [8 (link), 35 (link)–37 (link)].
9
Comprehensive Musculoskeletal Assessment in TKA
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Muscle strength was assessed with a Biodex® System 3 Pro dynamometer (Biodex System 3 Pro Dynamometer, Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Biodex Medical Systems, USA). Isokinetic strength (600/s and 1800/s, in Nm) of the quadriceps and the hamstrings was measured using respectively five and ten repetitions. The peak volitional values were used in the analysis. The Biodex® is a reliable and valid isokinetic dynamometer [35 (link)].
ROM was measured with a long-arm goniometer, (Goniometer, Long Arm, Gymna, Belgium), according to Lenssen et al. [36 (link)] Extension and flexion were measured in supine position, with hyperextension noted as a positive value. Measuring ROM with a long-arm goniometer has been reported to be valid and reliable at group level [36 (link)].
The gait parameters of step length and walking speed were measured with the GAITRite® system (CIR systems, PA, USA), a highly valid and reliable tool to assess temporospatial gait parameters in patients undergoing a TKA [37 (link)].
ROM was measured with a long-arm goniometer, (Goniometer, Long Arm, Gymna, Belgium), according to Lenssen et al. [36 (link)] Extension and flexion were measured in supine position, with hyperextension noted as a positive value. Measuring ROM with a long-arm goniometer has been reported to be valid and reliable at group level [36 (link)].
The gait parameters of step length and walking speed were measured with the GAITRite® system (CIR systems, PA, USA), a highly valid and reliable tool to assess temporospatial gait parameters in patients undergoing a TKA [37 (link)].
10
Gait Assessment via 10MWT and GAITRite
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Our study has a cross-sectional design. The subjects performed a 10 MWT walk for 4 evaluations, and the GAITRite system (CIR systems Inc., Franklin, NJ, USA) walk for 4 evaluations. With both measurement tools, 2 of the walks were performed at a normal speed where the subject felt comfortable, and 2 walks were performed at the maximum speed at which the subject felt safe. In the case of the 10 MWT, marks were recorded at the beginning and end, so that the subject could recognize them, and measured using a stopwatch. The time elapsed from crossing the start mark to passing the end mark was manually recorded for each walk. The gait speed was calculated from the overall average time. The gait of the GAITRite system walk was calculated by dividing the elapsed time between the first and last steps. In both the 10 MWT and the GAITRite system walks, there was an acceleration and deceleration section of about 2 m. All subjects wore their usual running shoes [6 (link)]. The same tester walked with the subject to determine whether the subject had walked from the starting line to the finish line correctly (Figure 1 ).
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