Pnipam

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom

PNIPAM is a temperature-responsive polymer that exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. It can be used as a material for laboratory equipment and research applications that require temperature-dependent properties. PNIPAM undergoes a reversible phase transition from a hydrophilic state to a hydrophobic state when the temperature is raised above its LCST, which is typically around 32°C. This property can be utilized in various laboratory applications.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) (2 citations) L-pNIPAM (1 citations)

10 protocols using pnipam

Tunable Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels

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PNIPAM, acrylamide (AM), 2,2′-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS), and IRGACURE 2959 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). A solution was prepared using deionized water from a Milli-Q plus water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, UK). To make the first f-PNIPAM solution that has 48 °C LCST, 2.04 g of PNIPAM was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water. Then, after the PNIPAM was completely dissolved, 0.412 g of AM and 0.031 ml of HEMA were added to the PNIPAM solution. After that, the three mixed monomers were vortexed until completely dissolved. For polymerization, 0.102 g of BIS and 0.01 g of IRGACURE 2959 were added. To make the second f-PNIPAM solution, which has 60 °C LCST, 1.856 g of PNIPAM, 0.61 g of AM, 0.033 ml of HEMA, 0.0928 g of BIS, and 0.01 g of IRGACURE 2959 were used. They were made in the same way as the first f-PNIPAM solution. All f-PNIPAM solutions are referenced to the amounts in Table 1.Table 1

Different LCSTs by components of NIPAM, HEMA, and AM monomers.

	PNIPAM	AA	HEMA	LCST
1	8.160 g	1.648 g	0.1256 ml	48.0 °C
2	7.816 g	2.043 g	0.1280 ml	53.8 °C
3	7.424 g	2.440 g	0.1312 ml	60.8 °C
4	7.0 g	2.856 g	0.1336 ml	68.2 °C

Kim T.H., Choi J.G., Byun J.Y., Jang Y., Kim S.M., Spinks G.M, & Kim S.J. (2019). Biomimetic Thermal-sensitive Multi-transform Actuator. Scientific Reports, 9, 7905.

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Synthesis and Characterization of P(HEMA-co-OEGMA) Copolymer

Cited 1 time

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Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (D5030), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), monosodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄), glucose, L-glutamine, L-lysine × HCl, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine × 2Na, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, ≥99%), oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA₃₀₀, M_n = 300 g/mol), and PNIPAM were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany) and used as received. The P(HEMA-co-OEGMA) with 90% mol of HEMA as well as homopolymers of OEGMA were synthesized at the Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of the Polish Academy of Sciences via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) as described in [49 (link)]. The polymer characterization is summarized in Table 1.
The water used to form the solutions was purified using a commercial ion exchange system (Hydrolab, Poland) and filtered twice through a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter (0.2 μm) (Merc Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).

Otulakowski Ł, & Trzebicka B. (2023). Aggregation of Thermoresponsive Polymethacrylates in a Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium and Its Salts. Polymers, 15(17), 3587.

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PNIPAM Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization

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N,N’-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS; 99%, Sigma Aldrich), ammonium persulfate (APS, Sigma Aldrich, 98%), potassium persulfate (KPS, Merck, >99%), N,N’-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide (DHEA, Merck, 97%), methacrylic acid (Merck, 99%), sodium periodate (99.8%), Trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane (PFOCTS, 97%, Sigma Aldrich), ethanol (Sigma Aldrich, >99.5%), linear poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) (P NIPAM, 10 kD, Sigma Aldrich) and Nile Red (>98%, Sigma Aldrich), hexane (≥99%, Sigma Aldrich) were used as received. N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM; 97%, Sigma Aldrich) was purified by recrystallization from hexane (95%, Sigma Aldrich). Dodecane (99%, Acros organics) was passed through an alumina column twice. Water was double deionized using a Milli-Q system (18.2 MΩ·cm).

Rey M., Kolker J., Richards J.A., Malhotra I., Glen T.S., Li N.Y., Laidlaw F.H., Renggli D., Vermant J., Schofield A.B., Fujii S., Löwen H, & Clegg P.S. (2023). Interactions between interfaces dictate stimuli-responsive emulsion behaviour. Nature Communications, 14, 6723.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide

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GO was prepared by a modified Hummer’s method. Ethanol, 2,2’-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (≥ 99.0%, recrystallization), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, ≥ 99.8%, anhydrous), copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂), potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]), rhodamine B (RB), coomassie brilliant blue, cytochrome c (Cyt. c), and raffinose were all purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and used as received. Maltopentaose and maltoheptaose (HPLC) were provided by Miragen (USA). NIPAM was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China) and purified by recrystallization from n-hexane ( ≥ 99%, Aladdin). PNIPAM (M_n ~ 20,000–40,000) was provided by Sigma-Aldrich.

Liu J., Wang N., Yu L.J., Karton A., Li W., Zhang W., Guo F., Hou L., Cheng Q., Jiang L., Weitz D.A, & Zhao Y. (2017). Bioinspired graphene membrane with temperature tunable channels for water gating and molecular separation. Nature Communications, 8, 2011.

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Fabrication of Responsive Hybrid Composites

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Fabricating hybrid composite and PVA (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), with outstanding mechanical properties, hydrolyzed to 98–99%, were used to maintain the composite shape under pressure. SWCNTs solution (KH Chemicals Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea), with a purity of 99% and dispersed in a water containing a dispersant, was used as the composite filler. pNIPAM (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), with an average molecular weight of 85,000, is a temperature-responsive material. Polymers and SWCNTs were mixed, and the polymer mixing ratio (PVA and pNIPAM) was 1:1 [37 (link)]. Subsequently, the resulting solution was poured into a micro-circular patterned wafer with a 10

μ m

diameter and 20

μ m

pitch and then demolded.

Jeong C., Hwang S.H., Kim B.J., Chae H.G, & Park Y.B. (2021). Multilayered Composites with Modulus Gradient for Enhanced Pressure—Temperature Sensing Performance. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 21(14), 4752.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functional Polymers

Cited 2 times

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Phosphate buffer saline 10× concentrate (PBS) (after dilution c = 0.1 M, containing sodium phosphate and sodium chloride as supplier inform), monosodium phosphate monohydrate ≥99.0% (NaH₂PO₄ * H₂O), disodium phosphate heptahydrate 98.0–102.0% (Na₂HPO₄ * 7H₂O), and sodium chloride ≥99.5% (NaCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Hamburg, Germany) and used as received. PNIPAM (M_n = 67,000 g/mol and M_w/M_n = 1.8) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Hamburg, Germany) and used as received. P(IPO-co-NPO) (M_n = 51,000 g/mol and M_w/M_n = 1.3) was synthesised via cationic ring-opening polymerisation initiated by methyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate at the Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, as previously shown in [40 (link)]. P(HEMA-co-OEGMA₃₀₀) with 79.7% mol of HEMA and 20.3% mol of OEGMA₃₀₀ and M_n = 33,000 g/mol (M_w/M_n = 1.2) was synthesised at the Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials at the Polish Academy of Sciences via atom transfer radical polymerisation as described in [39 (link)]. The molar mass of polymers was determined using gel permeation chromatography with a multiangle light scattering detector, which was considered to deliver their absolute values.

Otulakowski Ł., Kasprów M., Strzelecka A., Dworak A, & Trzebicka B. (2020). Thermal Behaviour of Common Thermoresponsive Polymers in Phosphate Buffer and in Its Salt Solutions. Polymers, 13(1), 90.

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Hydrogel Synthesis and Cell Culture

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Chemicals including sodium alginate, agarose, CaCl2, PNIPAM, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, and mineral oil were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Irgacure 2959 (CIBA Chemicals) was used as the photo initiator (PI). Cell culture reganets were obtained from Life Technologies (MA, USA).

Mostafalu P., Tamayol A., Rahimi R., Ochoa M., Khalilpour A., Kiaee G., Yazdi I.K., Bagherifard S., Dokmeci M.R., Ziaie B., Sonkusale S.R., Khademhosseini A, & Khademhosseini A. (2018). Smart Bandage for Monitoring and Treatment of Chronic Wounds. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany).

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Synthesis and Characterization of PNIPAm

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Three different P NIPAm samples were used for our experiments. These include a commercial P NIPAm from Sigma-Aldrich [cat # 535311-10G]. Using light scattering and size exclusion chromatography, we estimate absolute molecular weight M w and poly dispersity (PDI) to be M w (SLS) = 293 kDa, M w (GPC) = 309 kDa, and PDI = 2.69. N l value is estimated using the equation N l = (M w /PDI)/M 0 , where M 0 is the NIPAm formula weight. This corresponds to N l = 962 (sample P NIPAm-963). Furthermore, we have prepared two P NIPAm samples by RAFT polymerization giving chain lengths bracketing that corresponding to N l B 100l p to better correlate all-atom simulations and experimental observations (details will be described in the next section).
Before starting the polymerization procedure, N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAm, Acros, 99%) was recrystallized three times in series by adding a benzene solution (B30% NIPAm by weight) to an approximate 12-fold excess of pentane at room temperature. 4,4 0 -Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA, Aldrich, Z98%,), 4-((((2-carboxyethyl)thio)carbonothioyl)thio)-4-cyanopentanoic acid (BM1433, 495%, boron molecular) and all other materials were purchased from commercial sources and utilized as received.

Mukherji D., Wagner M., Watson M.D., Winzen S., de Oliveira T.E., Marques C.M, & Kremer K. (2016). Relating side chain organization of PNIPAm with its conformation in aqueous methanol. Soft matter, 12(38).

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Fabrication of Responsive Ocular Hydrogels

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Materials PVP (4.4x10 4 g/mol) was obtained from Ashland, UK. PNIPAM (2-4x10 4 g/mol), chitosan ethanol, (TM) (>98%), acetone, sodium hydroxide, Rhodamine B, and Borneol (PE) were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Dorset, UK). PureVision® Balafilcon A silicone hydrogel contact lenses were supplied by Bausch and Lomb (New York, USA). All reagents used were of analytical grade.

Mehta P., Al-Kinani A.A., Arshad M.S., Singh N., van der Merwe S.M., Chang M.W., Alany R.G, & Ahmad Z. (2019). Engineering and Development of Chitosan-Based Nanocoatings for Ocular Contact Lenses. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 108(4).

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Formulating Ophthalmic Drug Delivery

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PVP (4.4 x10 4 g/mol) was obtained from Ashland (Worcestershire, UK). PNIPAM (2 -4 x10 4 g/mol), Ethanol (>99.9%), timolol maleate (TM, ≥ 98%), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Borneol, and Brij® 78 were all supplied by Sigma Aldrich (Dorset, UK). PureVision® (Balafilcon A) silicone hydrogel contact lenses used in this study were manufactured by Bausch and Lomb (New York, USA). All reagents were of the analytical grade.

Mehta P., Al-Kinani A.A., Arshad M.S., Chang M.W., Alany R.G, & Ahmad Z. (2017). Development and characterisation of electrospun timolol maleate-loaded polymeric contact lens coatings containing various permeation enhancers. International journal of pharmaceutics, 532(1).

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