Propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), L-glycine (Gly), L-alanine (Ala), L-serine (Ser), L-threonine (Thr), L-cysteine (Cys), L-methionine (Met), L-valine (Val), L-leucine (Leu), L-isoleucine (Ile), L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-tryptophan (Trp), L-aspartic acid (Asp), L-glutamic acid (Glu), L-asparagine (Asn), L-glutamine (Glu), L-histidine (His), L-asparagine monohydrate (Arg), L-tyrosine (Tyr), and L-ascorbic acid were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako (Osaka, Japan). Acetic acid (AA), L-lysine (Lys), and sodium butyrate were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan), and proline (Pro) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals were of analytical grade.
Butyric acid
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Japan
Butyric acid is a colorless, oily liquid with a distinctive, rancid odor. It is a short-chain fatty acid that is commonly used in laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Propionic acid, by Fujifilm (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Valeric acid, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
L histidine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L cysteine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L asparagine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Proline pro, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
L glutamine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L alanine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L valine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L methionine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L serine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L asparagine monohydrate, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L aspartic acid, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L isoleucine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L leucine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L glutamic acid, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L glycine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L phenylalanine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
L threonine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
5 protocols using butyric acid
1
Analytical-Grade Chemical Compounds
2
Macrophage and Adipocyte Cell Culture
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Butyric acid and FFA-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Wako Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were obtained from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). RAW264.7 mouse macrophages and 3T3-L1 mouse pre-adipocytes (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were cultured in DMEM (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with 292 μg/mL L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37 °C under 5% CO2. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes was induced by addition of 0.5 mmol/L 13-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, 2.5 μmol/L dexamethasone, and 10 μg/mL insulin (Wako Chemical) in DMEM containing 10% FBS, beginning 2 days after the cells reached confluence in a 24-well plate. The medium was then replaced with DMEM containing 10% FBS and 5.0 μg/mL insulin and was changed every 2 or 3 days. Twenty days after induction of differentiation, the hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used in experiments. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT cell viability assay kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).
3
Characterization of Carboxylic Acids
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Formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid and capric acid were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan) abbreviated as WAKO and Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) abbreviated as TCI. THAB and PFBB were obtained from WAKO. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide, perchloric acid (60 wt%, 9.2 mol/L), toluene, n-hexane and methanol were obtained from WAKO. Purified water was processed with Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore. Bedford, MA, USA). Sulfuric acid (97 wt%, 18.2 mol/L) and silver sulfate obtained from WAKO. All reagents and chemicals were of the highest grade available.
4
Synthesis and Characterization of PVA Films
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(weight-average molecular weights (M w ) = 150,000), trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, ethanol, and chloroform were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). PVA films were provided by Kuraray. All reagents are used without further purification.
5
Activation of HIV-1 Latency in ACH-2 Cells
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Butyric acid was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Human recombinant tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was purchased from Roche Diagnostics Deutschland GmbH (Mannheim, Germany) and used at a concentration of 3.0 ng/mL for NF-κB stimulation. Mithramycin A and C646 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies for Sp1, CBP and the acetylated form of human histone H3 (Ac-H3) were obtained from Upstate Biotechnology, Inc. (Lake Placid, NY, USA), anti-HDAC1, c-myc, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and normal rabbit anti-IgG were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), and anti-AP-4 antibody was obtained as previously described [14] .
Cell culture and HIV-1 latently infected human cell lines ACH-2 is a chronically HIV-1-infected T-cell line derived from the parental cell line A3.01 [22, 23] that was obtained from the AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) and maintained at 37°C in Roswell
Cell culture and HIV-1 latently infected human cell lines ACH-2 is a chronically HIV-1-infected T-cell line derived from the parental cell line A3.01 [22, 23] that was obtained from the AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) and maintained at 37°C in Roswell
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