Alfagene

APM (460.5 Da, molecular weight, and 99.6% purity) was acquired from Wuhan Senwayer Century Chemical (Wuhan, China). Carbomer 940 (CAS 9003-01-4) and Pluronic F127 (CAS 9003-11-6) were obtained from Fagron (Waregem, Belgium). Hyaluronic acid (HA) with a molecular weight of 50 kDa was purchased from Cn Lab Canada, Asian Group (Xi’an, China). Sepigel 305^® (CAS 64742-47-8) (Polyacrylamide, C13-14 Isoparaffin Laureth-7) was obtained from SEPPIC. Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol-P) was provided by Gattefossé (Saint-Priest, France). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from Sigma (Darmstadt, Germany), processed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and stored in the refrigerator for further use. The HaCaT cell line was acquired from Cell Line Services (Eppelheim, Germany), and reagents utilized for cell culture were purchased from Gibco (Carcavelos, Portugal). The reagents utilized for the MTT assay were purchased from Invitrogen Alfagene^® (Carcavelos, Portugal). Reagents used for the MTT assay were purchased from Invitrogen Alfagene^® (Carcavelos, Portugal). All the reagents for histological procedures were purchased from Sigma and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Barcelona, Spain). Milli-Q^® purified water was used in all experiments. To conclude, all reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.

PF was supplied by Alcon Cusi (Barcelona, Spain); LAS (PEG-8 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides) and PAT (Precirol^® ATO 5 (glycerol mono, di and tripalmitostearate)) were gifted by Gattefossé (Gennevilliers, France); and Castor oil and Tween^® 80 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The penetration enhancers, linoleic acid (9-cis,12-cis-linoleic acid), decanol (decyl alcohol), menthone ((2S,2R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone), nonane (n-nonane), pyrrolidone (N-Dodecylpyrrolidone), octanoic acid, squalene (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexametyltetracosane), and cineol were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (Madrid, Spain).
The HaCat was provided by Cell Lines Service (CLS, Eppelheim, Germany) and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) used for cell viability was acquired from Invitrogen Alfagene^® (Carcavelos, Portugal). The purified water used in all the experiments was obtained from a MilliQ Plus System (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA). All other chemicals and reagents used in the study were of analytical or HPLC-grade (Fischer Chemical, Loughborough, UK).