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5 protocols using live cell observer

1

Detailed Invasion Assay Protocol

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A detailed protocol for assaying invasion is available in S1 Text. The invasion assay proceeded largely as previously described [59 (link)]. Briefly, parasite lines were treated ±ATc and resuspended in IC buffer, to prevent invasion, and spun down onto the HFF monolayer in an eight-well chamber slide (Ibidi). IC buffer was exchanged for DME/1% FCS/10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, and incubated for 10 minutes at 37 °C. Samples were then fixed, stained with anti-SAG1 mAb DG52 (1:3,000 dilution), permeabilised, and stained with rabbit anti-GAP45 (1:2,000) [58 (link)], followed by secondary antibodies, then imaging on a Zeiss Live Cell Observer and quantitation by manual counting. For invasion assays using GFP-expressing parasites, GAP45 staining was not carried out. Invasion assays with DCCD were carried out as described above except that parasites were allowed to invade in D1/HEPES medium containing 50 μM DCCD (Sigma). Graphs were generated and statistical tests performed using Prism 7 software.
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2

Imaging Primary Chicken Lung Slices

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The PCLS isolated from CSF1R-eGFP or CSF1R-mApple transgenic birds were imaged floating in DMEM within a 35 mm µ-dish (Ibidi), weighed down with sterile 13 mm coverslips (Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd, Coatbridge, UK). Live images were captured using a Zeiss Live Cell Observer with the heated stage set to 37 °C and the imaging chamber set to 37 °C and 5% CO2. PCLS at 3 days post slice were incubated with either red fluorescent 1 μm latex beads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Paisley, UK) or 5 × 109 CFU/mL APEC O1-eGFP.
Images of PCLS were also captured using a Zeiss Axio Zoom.v16 in the wells of a 24 well plate at 7X or 16X magnification. Confocal images were captured using a Leica TCS P8 confocal microscope at 200X or 630X magnification and the LAS X software (Leica, Wetzler, Germany) or a Zeiss LSM710 inverted confocal microscope and Zen software (Zeiss).
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3

Imaging Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation

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Picovitro slides (Picovitro) were first coated with Collagen type I, followed by culture of OP9 stromal cells, previously irradiated with 30 Gy, at a number of 102 per well in dendritic cell conditioned medium [4 (link)]. Cultures were left overnight for OP9 adherence. The following day, HSCs were prepared from c-kit (CD117)-enriched BM from either C57BL/6, UBC-GFP mice using anti-CD117 beads (Miltenyi), followed by staining with antibodies against Sca-1, ckit and IL-7R. Progenitors were sorted as Sca-1+c-kithiIL7R-progenitors [5 (link)]. PDMS membranes were layered on top, and slides fixed to a custom-bracket to fully encapsulate slides in order to prevent dehydration but allow gas exchange. The slide and bracket were mounted in a Zeiss Live Cell Observer, with 5% CO2-in-air, and at 37° C. Phase contrast images of multiple positions in the slide were taken with a 10x Plan-Neofluar phase contrast objective with a 1.6x Optovar every 2 minutes. GFP images were captured every hour, with each clone being GFP+ or GFP- throughout the image sequence. The GFP information was used for a separate validation experiment, although it was helpful during validation here for resolving tracking ambiguities.
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4

Monitoring Cell Death in U937 Cells

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U937 cells were plated in a black 96 well optical bottom plate (5×104 cells/well) together with DMSO, peptides (5 μM) +/− Q-VD-OPh (50 μM) in phenol-red and serum-free RPMI medium (final volume 100 μL) containing CellTracker Green dye (Life Technologies, C2925) and propidium iodide (2 μg/ml). Cells were imaged every 30 minutes for 24 hours on a Zeiss Live Cell Observer, consisting of an Axiovert 200M inverted microscope, equipped with environmental control and CO2, LED Colibri illumination, a 20×/0.8 NA objective and AxioCam MRm camera. Zeiss filter set Ex 470/40 and Em 525/50 together with LED module 470 was used for CellTracker Green fluorescence and Ex 560/40 and 630/75 together with LED module 540-580 for propidium iodide fluorescence.
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5

Imaging E13.5 TCF/Lef::H2B-GFP Skin Explants

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E13.5 TCF/Lef::H2B-GFP dorsal skin explants were dissected and imaged as described previously using a custom imaging chamber [81 (link)] with the following modifications. Instead of using a central imaging clip, the entire base of the chamber was filled with 1% (weight/volume) agarose in PBS. Dissected embryonic skin was mounted dermis-side down onto a black nitrocellulose filter membrane (Millipore) with a 45 μm pore size. The membrane was subsequently placed onto the agarose block, and a lummox membrane (Greiner) was clamped across it with an o-ring such that the skin was sandwiched between the 2 membranes. The imaging chamber was filled with DMEM without phenol red containing 4,500 mg/L glucose, 2% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, and 0.584 g/l L-glutamine. Images were captured with a 20X objective using a Nikon A1R inverted confocal microscope in a heated chamber supplied with 5% CO2 in air. Bead and FGF9/LDN193189 combination experiments were performed using a Zeiss Live Cell Observer and are described in S1 Supporting Methods.
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