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195 protocols using dp72 digital camera

1

Histological Analysis of Liver Fibrosis

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Liver tissues stored in 10% neutral buffered formalin were dehydrated using a Leica tissue processor (Leica, Australia). The dehydrated samples were embedded in paraffin and cut into 4-μm-thick sections. Mayer’s Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining was performed and images were taken from Olympus BX41 microscope with a 20 times objective lens using an Olympus DP72 digital camera (Olympus, Australia). Paraffin-embedded sections were stained with picrosirius red stain to visualize collagen I and III fibers. Slides were quantified by randomly selecting five non-overlapping fields of view per slide representing one mouse using an Olympus BX41 microscope with a 20× objective lens and an Olympus DP72 digital camera (Olympus, Australia). The five regions of interest (ROIs) were selected on the liver slides, with care taken to avoid large hepatic vessels or artifacts. Sections were blinded and scored by two independent observers (n = 8–10). The mean of value was calculated for each experimental group using the threshold function in the ImageJ software package (NIH Image, Bethesda, MD, United States). Data are represented as relative fold change to CH group.
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Quantifying Tumor Apoptosis in Xenograft Models

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Primary tumors were isolated from NSG mice on day of sacrifice (day 15). Tumors were weighed, measured, and placed in 10% formalin. Tumors were dehydrated overnight and paraffin embedded. The tumors were sectioned and placed on glass slides. Slide sections were dewaxed and rehydrated with xylene and ethanol in decreasing percentages. The tumor sections then underwent antigen retrieval. 1X Diva DeCloaker (Biocare Medical, Concord, CA) was added to the sections and rapidly heated in a pressure cooker. Slides were then cooled and washed twice in dH2O. Roche In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (Indianapolis, IN) was used for TUNEL staining to measure apoptosis. Samples treated with DNAse served as positive controls, while negative controls contained the label solution only. Six fields were fluorescently imaged for each sample on an Olympus BX41 microscope with a DP72 Olympus digital camera. All samples were normalized to each negative control threshold and analyzed using Metamorph software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) and Image J (NIH). Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed on an additional section of primary tumors.
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3

Quantifying Cyclin D1 and Ki67 in Breast Tissue

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Engineered human breast tissue was cut into 3-μm-thick sections, was mounted on saline-coated slides, and was incubated for 15 to 20 min in a hot air oven at 60 °C. Slides were then washed and were incubated for 32 min at 37°C with anti-Cyclin D1 and anti-Ki67 (diluted 1:200) and followed by an incubation with the secondary antibody ultraview universal HRP multimer as previously described [16 (link)]. The immunolocalized Ki67 and Cyclin D1 proteins were analyzed by an Olympus BX51 light microscope and DP72 Olympus digital camera (magnification × 200 and × 400) (Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA).
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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tumor Markers

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Hematoxylin and eosin were used for staining the tumor tissue section for morphological visualization. Furthermore tissues were fixed in 10% formalin. Deparaffinization was done with with EZ Prep (Ventana, Arizona, USA) at 70 °C, heat pretreated in Cell Conditioning 1 (CC1; Ventana, Arizona, USA) using “standard cell conditioning” for antigen reclamation at 90 °C. Overnight incubation with antibodies against β-catenin, cyclinA and cleaved caspase3 (diluted 1:75). Then incubation with ultraview universal HRP multimer (secondary antibody), diamminnobenzidine/ DAB (DAKO, CA) staining and counter staining with hematoxylin. After mounting in DPX (distyrene, a plasticizer and xylene), the sections were covered with cover slips. Immunostained tissue sections were assessed at magnification of 100× and 200× (Olympus BX51 light Microscope and DP72 Olympus Digital Camera, Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA).
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5

Quantifying FOXP4-positive Cells in Cancer

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All CIN and cancer lesions were examined in a magnified area (×100) for quantification. Images were captured using an Olympus BX50 microscope and a DP72 Olympus digital camera, and cellSens standard 1.5 software (Olympus). We selected the area showing the most severe lesions in each case, and the corresponding epithelial lesions were delineated as ROIs. Both areas of FOXP4‐positive cells and hematoxylin‐stained cells in each ROI were calculated, the ratio of the FOXP4‐positive and hematoxylin‐stained areas was defined as the FOXP4‐positive rate, and values were normalized using National Institutes of Health (NIH) ImageJ software, as described previously.9
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6

FOXP4 Knockdown Impacts Cell Overlap

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The W12 cells transfected with FOXP4‐shRNA and NC‐shRNA were cultured on glass chamber slides (Lab‐Tek® II, Themo Fisher Scientific). A slide with 80% confluent cells was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and stained by Hoechst® 33342 (Themo Fisher Scientific). The stained nuclei were scanned using a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM510; Carl Zeiss) and sagittal images were reconstructed. Horizontal images (×100) were captured using an Olympus BX50 microscope and a DP72 Olympus digital camera, and cellSens standard 1.5 software (Olympus). The sites showing overlapping nuclei were defined as cell‐overlapping zones, and the total area of overlapping zones was calculated using NIH ImageJ software.
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of TLR-6 in Colon Cancer

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The CRC tissues and matching normal colon tissue specimens were embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned at about 5-μm thickness with a microtome (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). The tumorareas in IHC slides were defined by staining each section with hematoxylin and eosin stains. The array tissue blocks were obtained as described elsewhere 45 (link) and each slide was incubated in a hot air oven at 60°C for 15-20 minutes, followed by incubation with a primary TLR-6 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA) at a 1/100 dilution. The other steps and analyses for IHC were conducted as described by Semlali et al. 9 (link). The immuno-stained slides were analyzed with an Olympus BX51 light microscope (Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA) equipped with aDP72 Olympus digital camera with powers 400×.
IHC analysis was performed by using points (0 to 4) according to the level and range of the color in each condition: 0 point corresponds to no positive color; 1 point corresponds to <20% positive staining; 2 points means a positive staining between 21 50%; 3 points corresponds to , 51-75% positive staining; and 4 points means >75% positive staining.
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8

Histological Analysis of Rat Ovaries

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After the 4-wk restriction of food intake, the rats were killed under anesthesia, and the bilateral ovaries were removed and fixed by 10% formalin. Ovaries were embedded in paraffin in parallel to their long axis. Four-micrometer-thick tissue slides containing the broadest ovarian tissue section were prepared from paraffin-embedded ovary block and stained by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Images were captured using an Olympus BX50 microscope, a DP72 Olympus digital camera, and CellSens standard 1.5 software (Olympus). Initial selections of follicles (mean diameter, >250 µm) and corpora lutea (>600 µm) were performed based on their sizes using low-magnification digital photographs and the corresponding scale bars (Figure 2A). Next, the healthy growing follicles and corpora lutea were independently evaluated under a microscope by 3 gynecologic endocrinologists (14 (link)) without any information about the origin of each slide (Figure 2B and C), and then their numbers were finally determined (Figure 2A, asterisks). If the judgment of health conditions differed, the less favorable evaluation was selected, as reported previously (15 (link), 16 ).
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9

Quantifying Neuronal Markers in Cortical Regions

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Images were taken with a 20× lens in a BX53 Olympus system microscope attached to a DP72 Olympus digital camera, or with an Olympus laser-scanning confocal microscope (IX-82). The brightness and contrast of all images were adjusted using Adobe Photoshop (V. CS5). No other adjustments were made to any of the images. We captured 3–5 images per slice, in the areas between 1.2 and −1.8 from bregma, and assured that the regions of interest were sampled equally. Quantification of NKCC1- and KCC2-expressing neurons was performed using computer-assisted analysis (ImageJ software V. 2.0.0-beta-7.8). To randomly select regions of interest for analysis, a 2500 µm box (50 × 50 µm) was randomly placed bi-laterally, over the images-containing somatosensory and motor cortex. Pooled data from both hemispheres were used in the final analysis. For each time point, and for sham, we analyzed four mice per group. We placed three random boxes per slice and analyzed 3–5 images per slice, per mouse, per group.
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10

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Skin Wound Healing

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Paraffin-embedded blocks of wounded skin specimens were cut into 3 μm thick sections. The sections were mounted on saline coated slides and were incubated for 20 minutes in hot air oven at 60°C. Tissue sections were deparaffinized with EZ Prep (Ventana, Arizona, USA) at 75°C and were heat-pretreated in Cell Conditioning 1 (CC1; Ventana, Arizona, USA) using “standard cell conditioning” for antigen retrieval at 100°C, and then one drop of inhibitor solution was put for four minutes at 37°C and then tissue sections were washed. The slides were incubated 30 minutes at 37°C with diluted 1 : 200 anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or TGFβ1 monoclonal antibody (Abcam, UK). Then ultraview universal HRP multimer as secondary antibody was added. The immunostained proteins were visualized using a copper-enhanced DAB reaction. Immunostained sections were reviewed by Olympus BX51 light Microscope and DP72 Olympus Digital Camera (magnification 200x and 400x) (Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA).
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