P nitrophenyl α d glucopyranoside pnpg

3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). High glucose DMEM, low glucose DMEM, Pen-Strep solution (P/S), insulin, certified fetal bovine serum (FBS), special newborn calf serum (NBCS), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Biological Industries (Shanghai, China). The glucose test kit was purchased from Rongsheng Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). α-Glucosidase (solid), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG), and ascorbic acid were purchased from Yuanye Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acarbose and rutin were obtained from Solarbio (Beijing, China). CellTiter 96^® AQueous One Solution Reagent (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP detection reagents were purchased from Suzhou Comin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). Sodium nitrite, aluminum nitrate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from MACKLIN (Shanghai, China).

α-Glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (G0660-750UN) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, US). p-Nitrophenyl-α-_D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and four organic acids, including caffeic acid, tartaric acid, caftaric acid and chicoric acid were obtained from Yuanye Biotech. Co. (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals in this study were of analytical grade.