Acetonitrile of hplc grade

Cordyceps militaris was provided by Hong Hao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (Jiangmen, China). Cordycepin was purchased from Refensi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (Chengdu, China). Colchicine was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., (St. Louis, MO, United States). IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CAS-1ELISA kits were purchased from Jiang Lai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). Decalcification solution, hematoxylin and eosin were purchased from Sevier Biotechnology Co., Ltd., (Wuhan, China). TRIzol reagent was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Carlsbad, CA, United States). circRNAs and miRNAs, miRcute Plus miRNA First-Strand cDNA Kit and miRcute Plus miRNA qPCR Kit were provided by Tiangen Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., (Beijing, China). The mRNA, GoScriptTM Reverse Transcription Mix Kit, and GoTaq^® qPCR Master Mix Kit were provided by American Promega Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Acetonitrile of HPLC grade was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). Pure water for HPLC was obtained from an ultrapure water system machine (PureLab, United States).

Ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q purifying system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Methanol and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were purchased from Merck (Damstadt, Germany). Standard compounds of histidine (1), arginine (3), cysteine (4), asparagine (5), serine (6), lysine (7), glutamine (8), proline (9), cytidine (10), hypoxanthine (11), deoxycytidine (12), uridine (13), tyrosine (14), guanine (15), guanosine(16), inosine(17), deoxyguanosine (19), isoleucine (20), leucine (21), thymidine (23), phenylalanine (24), tryptophan (27), epicatechin (33), rutin (34), hyperoside (35), and quercitrin (37) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology (Shanghai, China); glutamic acid (2), gallic acid (22) and apigenin (43) were obtained from Chinese National Institute of Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China); fumaric acid (18), gallocatechin (25), epigallocatechin (28), cryptochlorogenic acid (31), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (39) and amentoflavone (42) were acquired from Chengdu Chroma Biotechnology (Chengdu, China); neochlorogenic acid (26), chlorogenic acid (29), catechin (30), caffeic acid (32), isoquercitrin (36), avicularin (38), trifolin (40), and astragalin (41) were bought from Baoji Chenguang Biotechnology Co., LTD. (Baoji, China) with the purity greater than 98% and their structures were presented in Figure S4.

RH was received from Glochem (India). PVP K30 and HPβCD were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany). Ethanol and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were obtained from Merck (Germany) and the liquid nitrogen were received from Sabalan (Iran).

Methanol and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were purchased from Merck (Damstadt, Germany); ultrapure water was prepared using a Milli-Q purifying system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA); standard compounds of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, loganin, proline, alanine, serine, leucine, lysine, histidine, arginine, cytidine, uridine, adenosine, and phenylalanine were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China); 1,3‐O‐dicaffeoylquinic acid, isochlorogenic acid C, protocatechuic acid were purchased from Chengdu Prefa Technology Development Co. Ltd (Sichuan, China); quinic acid, rutin, hyperoside, astragalin, isoquercitrin were acquired by the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China); diosmetin, apigenin, kaempferol, kaempferol‐3‐O-rutinoside, sweroside were purchased from Chengdu Chroma Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Sichuan, China); 4,5‐O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, luteolin, luteoloside, rhoifolin, lonicerin, secologanic acid, loganin acid, morroniside were provided by Liangwei Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd (Nanjing, China); secoxyloganin were taken from Nanjing Jingzhu Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Nanjing, China). The purity of all standard compounds was more than 98%.

ATR, MET, and GLM were gift samples obtained from Aurobindo Pharma (Hyderabad, India). Purified water was obtained from a Millipore Direct-Q 3 U.V. Acetonitrile of HPLC grade, o-phosphoric acid, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were of A.R. grade and were purchased from Merck, Pvt. Ltd (Mumbai, India). Tripll 2 tablet dosage form with concentrations of ATR-10 mg, MET-500 mg, and GLM-2 mg was purchased from the market.