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30 protocols using zen 3600 zetasizer

1

Particle Size and Zeta-Potential Characterization

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Empty US-tubes and Cu@GNTs were dispersed in 0 . 1 % Tween® 20 (Aurion [Wageningen, The Netherlands]) and particle size and zeta-potential were determined using a Malvern Instruments™ (Worcestershire, UK) Zen 3600 Zetasizer®.
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2

Comprehensive Characterization of Halloysite Nanotubes

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Characterization of the halloysite clay nanotubes was carried out using infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR, Magna–IR 560 spectrometer) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (Rigaku–D/max 200 diffractometer with a Cu Kalpha target). The HNTs surface morphology was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM model XL30FEG) after initial coating with Cu (~1 nm) using a sputter coater (BALTEC-GED 030 carbon evaporator), while the volume and lumen sizes were determined with transmission electrode microscope (TEM, JEM-2100F, JOEL, Tokyo, Japan) operated at 120 KV. The particle size distribution and surface charge for over different pH ranges were recorded with Malvern ZEN3600 Zetasizer. The UV–visible spectrophotometer (Ray Leigh VV–2100) was used to obtain the absorption spectra and concentrations of the inhibitors. The maximum absorbance for BTA and MBT was found to be 258 nm and 320 nm respectively. Thus, calibrations and subsequent concentration determinations were analysed at these points.
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3

Characterization and Stability of Platelet-Inspired Nanocarriers

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Nanoparticle size and surface zeta potential were measured by DLS using a Malvern ZEN 3600 Zetasizer. Nanoparticle concentration was examined by NanoSight NS300. The nanoparticle structure was visualized using a JEOL JEM-2000FX transmission electron microscope after negative staining with vanadium (Abcam). To assess the stability of the different nanoformulations over time, the bare NCs, CS-PINCs, PGE2-PINCs, and CS-PGE2-PINCs were suspended in PBS (1 ×, pH 7.4) at a concentration of 109 particles mL−1. The change of particle size was measured by DLS at pre-determined time-points over the course of 2 weeks. To evaluate the stability in serum, the different nanoformulations were incubated with 50% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, USA). The change of particle sizes within 4 h was determined by DLS. Long-term stability was assessed by the particle size change measured by DLS before lyophilization in 10 wt% sucrose and after resuspension in PBS (1 ×, pH 7.4) back to the original volume. SDS-PAGE was performed to examine the protein components of the platelet membrane and the different PINCs. Western blotting was performed to assess the presence of specific platelet membrane markers using rabbit anti-human CD42b (Santa Cruz, sc-292722) and rabbit anti-human CD36 (Santa Cruz, sc-9154) antibodies, respectively, along with a goat anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated secondary antibody.
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4

Comprehensive Characterization of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were observed under a JEOL-2000 electron microscope operating at 200 kV. X-Ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern was obtained with a Bruker D8 Advance Powder X-ray diffractometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on a TGA-SDTQ600 thermogravimetric analyser. The sample was heated to 1000 °C under the protection of N2. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were gained with a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One FT-IR spectrophotometer. All FT-IR samples were prepared into KBr tablets, and the number of scans was set at 20 to collect the spectra. Before TGA and FT-IR measurements, the colloidal clusters were washed with water to remove the absorbed SDS. A Malvern Zen 3600 Zetasizer was applied for dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. All the samples for DLS measurements were diluted first to 0.002 vol % with diluted SDS solution. A JDM-13 vibrating sample magnetometer was used to characterize the superparamagnetism of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the clusters. The field-dependent magnetization was analyzed over a range from −10 to + 10 kOe at room temperature.
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5

Characterizing Nanomaterials with Advanced Techniques

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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed with a Q-600 Simultaneous TGA/DSC from TA Instruments. AFM measurements were performed with a Bruker Multimode 8 AFM system in tapping mode using ScanAsyst Air silicon cantilevers. Cryo-TEM specimens were imaged with a FEI Talos 200C high-resolution TEM at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV below −175 °C, using a Gatan 626 cryo-holder. The specimens were studied in the low-dose imaging mode to reduce electron beam radiation damage. Images were recorded digitally by a FEI Falcon III direct-imaging camera and the TIA software, with the help of the “phase plates” (FEI) to enhance image contrast.42,43 (link) Absorbance measurements were acquired using a Shimadzu 2450 UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Photoluminescence spectra were measured with a Horiba Nanolog Spectrophotometer. The samples were excited at 250 nm through a 5 nm slit and recorded from 290 to 450 nm with a slit width of 5 nm. DLS and zeta potential measurements were obtained using a Malvern Zen 3600 Zetasizer with the dispersions injected into disposable polystyrene cuvettes and folded capillary cells respectively. All measurements were conducted at 25 °C and at the natural pH of the surfactant solution. For zeta potential measurements, the sample was dialyzed in Cellu-Sep H1 cellulose tubular membranes (MWCO: 2000) for 6 hours to remove excess surfactant.
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6

Stretching Polystyrene Microspheres into Rods

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Polystyrene carboxylated microspheres were stretched into rods using a previously described film stretching method (26 (link)). Briefly, 100 μl of the original particle stock was added to 10 ml of 7% PVA and dried to a film via overnight incubation at 45°C in a single-well Omni Tray. After 24 hours, the dried film was peeled off the tray and cut into 3 × 1–cm pieces and stretched at 200°C using a syringe pump. The AR of the particles was adjusted by changing the total draw volume of the pump. The films were first washed by dissolving them in 70% isopropanol solution and then subsequently with water to remove the residual PVA. The particles were characterized via SEM imaging using a JEOL JSM-7800FLV SEM microscope. The suspension of the particles was dried on a glass stub and sputter coated with gold before the imaging. The size of the particles was measured using ImageJ software. The size is reported as the average of at least 50 measurements from multiple images. For zeta potential measurements, particles were resuspended in deionized water (5 × 107 particles/ml for microparticles and 5 × 109 particles/ml for nanoparticles), and the zeta potentials were measured using a Malvern ZEN3600 Zetasizer.
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7

Fabricating Biomimetic Nanoparticles from RBC Membranes

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To fabricate the nanoparticles, a previously reported membrane coating approach was employed.37 (link) First, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA; carboxy-terminated, 50:50, 0.67 dL/g; Lactel Absorbable Polymers) cores were prepared by precipitating the polymer dissolved at 10 mg/mL using acetone into water, followed by evaporation to remove the organic solvent. Human RBC (hRBC) membrane ghosts were obtained by the hypotonic lysis of human O-negative RBCs (BioreclamationIVT). Human RBC membrane-derived vesicles were prepared by brief sonication of hRBC ghosts using a Fisher Scientific FS30D bath sonicator. To make hRBC-NPs, the membrane and PLGA cores were mixed together, followed by sonication to induce membrane fusion. Size and zeta potential were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Malvern ZEN 3600 Zetasizer. To visualize the nanoparticles, the hRBC-NPs were deposited onto a 400-mesh carbon-coated copper grid (Electron Microscopy Sciences), stained with 1 wt% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), and imaged using a Zeiss Libra 120 PLUS EF-TEM transmission electron microscope.
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Citrate-Reduced AuNPs

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AuNPs were synthesized via a citrate-reduction method.[43 ] Briefly, a 250 mL erlen-meyer flask containing a 2” stir bar was cleaned by rinsing briefly in aqua regia (1 part nitric acid: 3 parts hydrochloric acid) and subsequently rinsing thoroughly in MilliQ-filtered (Millipore) H2O. A solution of 0.01% w/v gold chloride (III) chloride hydrate (Sigma Aldrich #254169) in H2O (100 mL) was added to the flask and brought to a boil on a heating and stirring plate set to 400°C and 500 rpm. A 1% w/v sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (Sigma Aldrich # 4641) solution (3 mL) was rapidly added by dispensing forcefully through a needle (18G) attached to a syringe (10 mL). The solution was removed from the stirring/heating plate once its color changed to red. The size of the synthesized AuNPs was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) on a Malvern Zen 3600 Zetasizer, and their concentration was determined by measuring absorbance at 518–519 nm on a UV spectrophotometer.
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9

Preparation and Characterization of Multifunctional NPs

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AS-IV, LIG and PLGA-PEG were dissolved in DMSO (1 mL), and then ultrapure water (9 mL) was quickly added to the homogeneous mixture. After being sonicated for 10 min to yield NPs, the NPs were purified by dialysis (molecular weight cutoff 30 kDa) at room temperature for further use. The sizes and morphologies of NPs, AS@PPGC NPs, LIG@PPGC NPs, and AS_LIG@PPGC NPs were observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM, HT7800, Hitachi, Japan). Size measurements of the different formulations were carried out using a Malvern ZEN 3600 Zetasizer instrument. The size measurements of AS_LIG@PPGC NPs were performed by a Malvern ZEN 3600 Zetasizer instrument after 5 days of incubation in PBS.
To determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of AS-IV and LIG in PPGC NPs, AS-IV was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (lc-2020, Shimadzu, Japan), while LIG was measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometry (Shimadzu, Japan). The formulas for calculating EE and LE are as follows:
W0 and W1 represent the weight of the loaded AS-IV and LIG in the NPs and the total weight of AS-IV and LIG added, respectively, while W represents the total weight of the NPs.
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10

Characterization of PLGA Microparticles and CQDs

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The size and microstructure of PLGA MPs were investigated 3D laser measuring microscope (LEXT OLS4000), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS) (JEOL JSM6510LV/LGS) and confocal microscope (Prairie Technologies, Inc). The PLGA MPs size was determined using an image analysis method as described previously.13 (link) Five different microscopy images were prepared for each sample, and the average diameters and size distributions were determined by ImageJ software (ImageJ freeware, NIH, USA).
The hydrodynamic diameter size distribution of CQDs sample was measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS, Malvern ZEN 3600 zetasizer) analysis. 100 µL of CQDs was diluted in 2.5 mL of PBS buffer (1X, pH 7.4), and the diluted sample was transferred to disposable cuvet for DLS analysis. The measurement was done at room temperature, and it was repeated five times.
Ultraviolet-visible (UV/VIS) and photoluminescence (PL) analysis were carried out by Shimadzu Biospec and Avaspec 2048 TEC respectively. Nikon D5300 was used to taking digital photos. Cells were visualized under inverted microscopy using EVOSfl fluorescence microscope (Euroclone, Italy).
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