Alpha amylase

CS derived from snow crab shells/Alaska crab shells (viscosity = 600–900 cps, degree of deacetylation ≥ 95%) was purchased from Bio 21 Co., Ltd (Chonburi, Thailand). Raw silk cocoons from the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori were obtained from the Queen Sirikit Sericulture Center (Chiang Mai, Thailand). β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate, GA, EA, glycine, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). l-Ascorbic acid was purchased from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd (Australia). Anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium chloride (NaCl), anhydrous disodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na₂HPO₄), potassium chloride (KCl), and monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) were purchased from Ajax Chemicals (Australia). Alpha-amylase was purchased from HiMedia Laboratories (India). Ethanol, mEthanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from RCI LabScan Limited (Bangkok, Thailand). Glacial acetic acid was purchased from Merck KGaA (Germany). All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and were used without further purification.

The ethanolic extract of C. fimbriata leaf was obtained from Green Chem Herbal Extracts and Formulations, Bengaluru, as gratis. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes were obtained from Hi Media, Mumbai. L6 myoblast culture was obtained from the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune. All other reagents and chemicals such as ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used were of analytical grade.

Chemicals used in this study were obtained from various sources as bovine serum albumin, (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA), STZ (Hi-media, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) NA (Hi-media), metformin hydrochloride (USV Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra India), and alpha glucosidase (SISCO Research Laboratory, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India). Trichloroacetic acid, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), DTNB, reduced glutathione (GSH), NADH, and alpha amylase were obtained from Hi-media. All chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade from India.