The experimental room (4 × 3.4 m) was sound insulated, air conditioned and had a largely nontechnical appearance. Participants were alone in the experimental room during the experiment. Participants sat comfortably and in an upright position. Experimental control was computerized. Participants were seated in front (100 cm distance) of a 22-in. TFT-Monitor (VW225N, ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC., Taipei, Taiwan). All experimental information and stimuli were presented on-screen. Participants were instructed to use their right hand for steering the computer mouse (M-5400, Cherry, Auerbach, Germany). EEG, electrooculogram (EOG) and reference electrodes were connected to a Biosemi-Active-2 System (BioSemi, Amsterdam, Netherlands). In the adjoining room, a personal computer (3.2 GHz, Intel Gaming Edition, 4 GB RAM, 1 GB NVIDIA GeForce GT250) that was connected via USB 2 with the Biosemi-Active-2-System performed data recording, data visualization, and storage using ActiView 6.05 (BioSemi, Amsterdam, Netherlands). For experimental control, trigger placement and recording of behavioral responses, a personal computer (1.6 GHz, 2 GB RAM, GB NVIDIA GeForce GT250) was used under MATLAB R2007a (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and the Psychophysics Toolbox 3.0.11 (http://psychtoolbox.org/).
Active 2 system
Manufactured by BioSemi
Sourced in Netherlands
The Active 2 system is a high-performance data acquisition device designed for recording physiological signals. It features a modular design and supports a variety of sensor types, enabling the capture of multiple data streams simultaneously. The system is capable of obtaining high-quality measurements with low noise and artifact levels.
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Lab products found in correlation
Matlab, by MathWorks (5 mentions)
Brain vision analyzer 2, by Brain Products (2 mentions)
Elastic cap, by BioSemi (2 mentions)
Er 2 insert earphone, by Etymotic Research (1 mentions)
Matlab 2012, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
E prime 3, by Psychology Software Tools (1 mentions)
E prime, by Psychology Software Tools (1 mentions)
Labview 2, by National Instruments (1 mentions)
Matlab r2016b, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Erplab, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Matlab r2013b, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Eeglab, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Hydrocel geodesic sensor net, by Electrical Geodesics (1 mentions)
Matlab r2007a, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Letswave, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
45 protocols using active 2 system
1
EEG Study of Computer-Based Experiment
2
Passive EEG Recordings with Auditory Stimuli
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Digital stimuli were designed with custom scripts in Matlab (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA) at a sampling rate of 48828.125 Hz, and converted to analog voltage signals using an RZ6 audio processor (Tucker-Davis Technologies, Alachua, Florida). The voltage signals were converted to sounds and delivered to the ears via ER2 insert earphones (Etymotic Research, Elk Grove Village, IL) coupled to foam ear tips. There was a random jitter between 0-200 ms added to each interstimulus interval to reduce any potential periodic noise sources that could be in phase with our stimulus. EEG measurements were made with a 32-channel system (Biosemi Active II system, Biosemi, Amsterdam, Netherlands). EEG data was sampled at 4096 Hz and filtered between 1–40 Hz, and then downsampled to 2048 Hz. EEG data were re-referenced to the average of all electrodes. Ocular artifacts were removed using the signal-space projection approach39 . Projections were manually applied for each participant based on the topographic pattern of the noise-space weights which were manually chosen to correspond to the expected pattern of blink and saccade artifacts. EEG data were collected as stimuli were played passively with participants watching a muted video of their choosing with subtitles. To remove movement artifacts, trials that had peak to peak deflections greater than 200 μV were then rejected.
3
Resting State EEG in Categorization Task
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The experimental setup of Dataset 2 was described in greater detail in the associated study [50 (link)]. A 72 channel EEG cap with an extended 10/20 International montage was used to record EEG signals from each participant during resting state and categorization task (BioSemi Active II system; 24-bit DC mode; 2048 Hz initial sampling rate down-sampled online to 256 Hz; common mode sense reference electrode located between sites PO3 and POZ). No ground location, impedance, amplifier configuration, and mode of the recording (alternating current [AC] or direct current [DC]) was reported in the associated study for Dataset 2. Nevertheless, since the study dealt with relative changes occurred from selecting different choices, the mode of EEG recording was not relevant. For the purpose of current study, only the resting state EEG was used which included 8.5 min of EEG recording. Dataset 2 with resting state EEG is fundamentally different from Dataset 1 with visual stimulation, providing a means to validate the results obtained from Dataset 1 in a different domain of EEG.
4
EEG Recording and Analysis of 1.2 Hz Stimuli
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Children were seated comfortably at 1 m from the computer screen in a quiet room of the school. EEG was acquired at 1024 Hz using a 37‐channel Biosemi Active II system (Biosemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), with 32 channels at standard 10‐20 system locations plus a row of posterior electrodes including PO9, I1, Iz, I2, PO10. The magnitude of the offset of all electrodes, referenced to the common mode sense, was held below 50 mV. EEG analyses were carried out using Letswave 5 (http://nocions.webnode.com/letswave ), and Matlab 2012 (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA). After Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) band‐pass filtering between 0.1 and 100 Hz, data files were resampled to 512 Hz and segmented 2 s before and after each sequence, resulting in 44‐s segments. This allowed better visualization of the epochs for artifact/noise detection and correction with linear interpolation (3.9% of channels), before rereferencing to the common average. EEG recordings were then segmented again from stimulation onset until 39.996 s, corresponding to the largest amount of complete cycles of 833 ms (48 cycles) at the 1.2 Hz frequency within the 40 s of stimulation period.
5
Multimodal EEG-based Neurophysiological Assessment
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The EEG signal was acquired using 32 active Ag/AgCl electrodes mounted in a cap placed on the subject’s head according to the international extended 10–20 system. Additionally, six external electrodes were placed: two on the right and left mastoids for offline re-referencing of the EEG signal and one above and below the left eye, as well as one at the external canthus of each eye, to record vertical and horizontal eye movements, respectively. Conductive gel was applied to the surfaces of the external electrodes and into the halls of the electrode cap in order to improve conductance between those electrodes and the subject’s skin. The signal was acquired continuously and amplified with a BIOSEMI Active II System (BIOSEMI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) with a built-in fifth order 0.16–100 Hz pass band filter and at a 2048 Hz sampling rate. The signal was down-sampled online from 2048 to 256 Hz. The signal quality was constantly inspected during the recordings.
For healthy controls, the whole experiment, including placing the electrodes, took around 1.5 h. For patients, with additional AAT testing and a 30 min break between two sessions, the whole experiment took around 2.5 h.
For healthy controls, the whole experiment, including placing the electrodes, took around 1.5 h. For patients, with additional AAT testing and a 30 min break between two sessions, the whole experiment took around 2.5 h.
6
High-Density EEG Recording and Analysis
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EEG was recorded at 2048 Hz with a 68-channel BioSemi Active II system (BioSemi, The Netherlands). Sixty-four electrodes were placed according to the standard 10–20 system and four extra channels were added on posterior sites (PO9, PO10, I1, I2). The magnitude of the offset of all electrodes, referenced to the common mode, was held below 50 mV. Analyses of the EEG data were carried out using Letswave 6 (https://www.letswave.org ), an open-source toolbox running on MatLab (The MathWorks, USA). To reduce data processing time, data files were first downsampled to 512 Hz. Then, two Fast Fourier Transform filters were applied: a band-pass with cut-off values of 0.1–100 Hz and a multi-notch at three harmonics of 50 Hz. Data were segmented 2 s before and 1 s after each sequence for inspection of artifact-ridden or noisy electrodes. Less than 2% of the channels were interpolated using the three nearest neighboring electrodes. The EEG signal was not corrected for the presence of ocular movements since the FPVS approach is highly immune to these ocular artefacts43 ,44 (link). Each sequence was re-segmented from the stimulation onset (excluding the 2 s of gradual fade in) until 60 s, to include the largest amount of integer presentation cycles (72 cycles of 833.33 ms at the 1.2-Hz frequency). All channels were finally re-referenced to the common average.
7
Auditory Oddball EEG Paradigm
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Continuous EEG data along with digital timing tags were acquired with either a 72- or 168-channel BioSemi Active II system with standard reference and ground procedures. All data were transformed to an 81 reference free montage using BESA prior to analysis and epoched from −500–1000 ms. Epochs with activity exceeding ±100μV were rejected. For ERP analyses, waveforms were averaged by stimulus type and baseline-corrected relative to pre-stimulus baseline. MMN waveforms were determined by subtraction of standard from deviant responses. Standard and MMN responses were assessed at the frontal midline (Fz) electrode relative to mastoids. ERP from a subsample of this study have been published previously8 (link).
8
Emotion Classification Experiment with EEG
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After providing informed consent and completing a short audio test (Cotral-Labor-GmbH, 2013 ), participants were prepared for the EEG-recording and subsequently started the emotion classification experiment using E-Prime 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., 2016 ). The EEG was recorded using a 64-channel BioSemi Active II system (BioSemi, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with electrodes being attached with a cap on the 10–20 system (for EEG channel locations refer to https://osf.io/sybrd/ ). This system works with a ‘zero-ref’ setup with a common mode sense/driven right leg circuit instead of ground and reference electrodes (for further information, https://www.biosemi.com/faq/cms&drl.htm ). The horizontal electrooculogram (EOG) was recorded from two electrodes at the outer canthi of both eyes, and the vertical EOG was monitored with a pair of electrodes attached above and below the right eye. All signals were recorded with direct current (120 Hz low-pass filter) and sampled at a rate of 512 Hz. During the EEG recording, participants were seated in a dimly lit, electrically shielded and sound-attenuated cabin (400-A-CT-Special, Industrial Acoustics™, Niederkrüchten, Germany) with their heads on a chin rest to ensure a constant distance of 90 cm to the computer screen. The sound stimuli were presented via in-ear headphones (Bose® MIE2 mobile headset).
9
Extended 10-20 EEG Montage Protocol
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EEG data were recorded at a sampling rate of 1024 Hz using a Biosemi Active II system (Biosemi, Netherlands) with 128 silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes positioned according to an extended 10–20 montage. During recording signals were referenced to a common mode sensor to the left of Cz. Additional electrodes were placed at the inner orbital ridge and the outer canthus of each eye to record eye movements and on the left and right mastoid process to record other artefacts.
10
EEG Recording Using BioSemi Active II System
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Electrophysiological data were recorded continuously using a 32-channel EEG with BioSemi Active II system (BioSemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). The sampling rate was 512 Hz from DC to 155 Hz. EEG recording sites included Fz, Cz, Pz, Iz, FP1, FP2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T7, T8, P7, P8, F9, F10, FT9, FT10, TP9, TP10, P9, P10, PO9, PO10, I1, I2 and four additional EOG electrodes (one each above and below the right eye and one each at the outer canthi of right and left eye). Note that the BioSemi system uses a so-called “zero-Ref” system which uses two additional electrodes (CMS and DRL) instead of reference and ground electrode (see also www.biosemi.com/faq/cms&drl.htm ).
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