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8 protocols using gluconasturtiin

1

Analytical Standards for Glucosinolate Profiling

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All chemicals and solvents used during extraction and analysis were of analytical grade and purchased from Fisher Scientific Korea Ltd. (Seoul, South Korea) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). GSL standards (gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin, progoitrin, glucotropaeolin, glucoerucin, gluconasturtiin, glucoberteroin, and glucobrassicin) were purchased from Phytoplan Diehm & Neuberger GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany). All individual GSL standards had purity greater than or equal to 97%.
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2

Phytochemical Standards Procurement and Characterization

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The standards of sinapic and caffeoylquinic acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The standards of glucoraphanin, glucoerucin, glucoiberin, glucobrassicin, hydroxyl-glucobrassicin, gluconasturtiin, methoxy-glucobrassicin, neoglubobrassicin, 3,4-diindolylmethane, and iberin (GR, GE, GI, GB, HO-GB, PE, MeOH-GB, NeoGB, SFN, I3C, and DIM, respectively) were purchased from Phytoplan GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany). The standards of sulforaphane, iberin, and indole-3-carbinol (SFN, IB, and I3C, respectively) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, US), Biorbyt LTD (Cambridge, UK), and LKT Laboratories (St. Paul, MN, USA), correspondingly. Acetic and hydrochloric acids, as well as ammonium acetate, were from Panreac labs (Barcelona, Spain). Methanol for hydromethanolic extractions and acetonitrile and acetic acid grade solvents for LC-MS were supplied by J.T. Baker (Philipsburg, NJ, USA). All water employed in the extraction and the chromatographic analysis was purified by using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
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3

Quantifying Glucosinolates in Brassica

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Holley, 2012) Glucosinolates were quantified using the chromatogram from 229 nm and standard curves were constructed using pure sinigrin (Sigma Aldrich), glucotropaeolin, glucoraphenin, glucoraphanin, glucoerucin, glucobrassicin, gluconasturtiin, sinalbin, progoitrin and glucoiberin (all from Phytoplan).
In the case of glucoraphasatin in R. sativus leaves and glucotropaeolin in B. juncea minor alterations were made to avoid peaks co-eluting. The mobile phase programme for R. sativus leaves was 100% A for 5 minutes, followed by a 35 minute linear gradient to 66% B followed by a 5 minute linear gradient to 100% B followed by a 5 minute linear gradient to 100% A . For B. juncea leaves, an isocratic 85:15, TBA (0.02M):acetonitrile mobile phase for 70 minutes was used.
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4

Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling by HS-SPME and UPLC-MS

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For headspace solid-phase-microextraction (HS-SPME), calcium chloride and the alkane standards C6-C25 (100 μg/mL) in diethyl ether were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (now Merck; Poole, UK). For ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), authentic compounds of glucoiberin (GIB; 99.61%, HPLC), progoitrin (PRO; 99.07%, HPLC), sinigrin (SIN; 99%, HPLC), glucoraphanin (GRA; 99.86%, HPLC), glucoalyssin (GAL, 98.8%, HPLC), gluconapin (GNP, 98.66%, HPLC), 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin (4HGB; 96.19%, HPLC), glucobrassicanapin (GBN; 99.22%, HPLC), glucotropaeolin (GTP; 99.61%, HPLC), glucoerucin (GER; 99.68%, HPLC), glucobrassicin (GBR; 99.38%, HPLC), and gluconasturtiin (GNT; 98.38%, HPLC) were purchased from PhytoPlan (Heidelberg, Germany). Methanol (HPLC grade), formic acid (LC-MS grade), and acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) were purchased from VWR (Leicestershire, UK).
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5

Extraction and Analysis of Glucosinolates

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Sinigrin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glucohesperin, glucohirsutin, gluconasturtiin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin were purchased from Phytoplan Diehm & Neuberger GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany). All other chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
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6

Quantification of Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates

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For all applications, bidistilled water was used. The used chemicals listed below were all of at least analytical grade. Boric acid, monosodium phosphate monohydrate, ascorbic acid, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Reanal (Budapest, Hungary). Acetic acid, Ncyclohexyl-ethanesulphonic acid (CHES), acetonitrile, mercaptoAcetic acid (thioglycolic acid) were bought from VWR Hungary (Budapest, Hungary). Sodium deoxycholate was from Carl-Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Sinigrin and gluconasturtiin were from Phytoplan (Heidelberg, Germany). Allyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, bovine serum albumine and Bradford reagent were from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA).
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7

Analytical-Grade Chemical Extraction and Glucosinolate Analysis

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All the chemicals used for extraction as well as analyses in this experiment were analytical-grade products from Fisher Scientific Korea Ltd. (Seoul, Republic of Korea) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). In addition, ten commercially available standard glucosinolates (sinigrin, progoitrin, gluconasturtiin, glucobarbarin, glucobrassicin, glucobrassicanapin, glucoberteroin, glucoerucin, gluconapin, and glucotro-paeolin) were obtained from Phytoplan Diehm & Neuberger GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany) and have a purity of ≥97%.
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8

Quantification of Glucosinolates by HPLC

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A C18 column (Phenomonex, SphereClone 5μ ODS(2)) was equilibrated for 3 h with a mobile phase which consisted of 80 mL (0.02 M) TBA (tetrabutylammonium bromide) and 20 mL ACN (acetonitrile) with detection at 229 nm. The flow rate was set at 1.0 ml/min and separated according to programme for desulfoglucosinolates detailed in Table 3.

Solution A: 100% TBA (0.02 M)

Solution B: 70:30, TBA (0.02 M):acetonitrile

Glucosinolates were quantified using the chromatogram from 229 nm and standard curves were constructed using pure sinigrin (sigma aldrich), glucotropaeolin, glucoraphenin, glucoraphanin, glucerucin, glucobrassicin, gluconasturtiin, sinalbin, progoitrin and glucoiberin (phytoplan).
In the case of glucoraphasatin in R. sativus leaves and glucotropaeolin in B. juncea minor alterations were made to avoid peaks co-eluting. The mobile phase programme for R. sativus leaves was 100% A for 5 min, followed by a 35 min linear gradient to 66% B followed by a 5 min linear gradient to 100% B followed by a 5 min linear gradient to 100% A. For B. juncea leaves, an isocratic 85:15, TBA (0.02 M):acetonitrile mobile phase for 70 min was used.
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