Sodium taurocholate natc

TU and Vitamin D₃ were purchased from Beijing Sjar Technology Development (Beijing, China) and Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, UK), respectively. Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), 4-2-hydroxyethyl-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, lecithin, porcine liver esterase, FBS, sodium taurocholate (NaTc), NaH₂PO₄, NaCl, KBr, fast blue BB salt (4-benzoylamino-2,5-dimethoxybenzenediazonium chloride hemi (zinc chloride) salt), and gallic acid were obtained from Sigma (Gillingham, UK). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) with added GlutaMAX™, D-glucose, and HEPES was procured from Gibco (Paisley, UK).

A total of 60 male Wistar rats (200-220 g) were supplied by the Animal Research Center, the First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China). The rats were fed with rodent chow and water ad libitum in an environmentally controlled room (18-21°C, 40-60% relative humidity, and 12 h light/dark cycle). After an acclimatization for one week, the rats were fasted overnight before the experiments. All surgical procedures and cares administered to the rats were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Harbin Medical University (No. 2011BS001).
Sodium taurocholate (Na-TC) and L-alanyl-L-glutamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). A commercial lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) kit was purchased from Genecoopia (San Francisco, MO, USA) to silence HIF-1α. Antibodies used in the present study are cleaved PARP (Asp214), cleaved caspase-3 (Asp175), cleaved caspase-9 (Asp353), and nuclear factor-κB p65 purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); β-actin purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); and HIF-1α purchased from Novus (Littleton, CO, USA).