Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)

All chemicals used in our experiments were sterile and stored according to their respective protocols. Purchased chemicals were dextrose, chloroform, tween, ammonium persulfate, and tetramethylethylenediamine (Daejung Chemicals and Metals Co. Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, Shiheung, South Korea); RNA wait (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China); phosphate-buffered saline, sodium dodecyl sulfate, scopolamine (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); enhanced chemiluminescence solution A and B (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Biotechnology Company Philadelphia, PA, USA); tissue protein extraction reagent and methanol (Thermo Scientific, Meridian Rd., Rockford, IL 61101 USA); Trizma base (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA); skim milk powder (Oxoid Ltd, Wade Road, Basingstoke, Hants, UK), Ranuncoside (provided by Umar Farooq). The primary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz, CA, USA, while the secondary antibody, i.e., anti-mouse IgG, was purchased from Promega, Madison, WI, USA (Table 1).Table 1

List of primary and secondary antibodies with catalog number.

S.#	Antibodies Name	Catalog #
1	Anti-HO-1	sc-136960
2	Anti-Nrf-2	sc-365949
3	Anti- NF–ĸb	sc- 8008
4	Anti-COX-2	sc-376661
5	Anti-TNF-α	sc- 52,746
6	Anti-β actin	sc-47778
7	Goat anti-mouse (IgG-HRPs) secondary antibodies	W4028

Methacrylic acid (MA), EDC, NHS, dimethylformamide (DMF), picrylsulfonic acid, RF, formalin solution, TOX8 resazurin-based assay, rhodamine B, sodium bicarbonate, and low glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium dodecyl sulfate was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) were purchased from BioWest and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, potassium permanganate (K₂MnO₄), Tris-HCl, and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from PanReac AppliChem (Chicago, IL, USA), and graphite flakes from Graphene Supermarket (Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). Propidium iodide, AlexaFluor™ 488 Phalloidin, and Hoechst 3342 were purchased from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA).