The particle size analysis was performed on standard sieving method using 10 sieves in the range 40–800 µm, using the standard procedure. The standard sieved sand quantity was 100 g, loaded in a vibrating sieving apparatus for 30 min. Multiple dry sieving were performed to obtain statistical data. The resulting particle size ranges were morphological and compositional characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy using a JEOL JSM 5600LV microscope (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an EDX spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, INCA 200 software, AZtech 4.2 software (High Wycombe, UK). The SEM images were recorded in backscattered electron signal, under high vacuum at 15 kV accelerating voltage without coating the samples. Crystallographic analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction on a INEL 3000 Equinox diffractometer (Artenay, France), operating with CoKα radiation (λ = 1.79026 Å) in the angular range 2 theta of 20–110°. The magnetic hysteresis loops were recorded at room temperature on a Lake Shore Cryotronics Inc. vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) (Westerville, OH, USA). The hysteresis loops were recorded with a 0.25 mT step and the maximum magnetic field was 18 kOe.
Vibrating sample magnetometer
Manufactured by Lake Shore Cryotronics
Sourced in United States
A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) is a device used to measure the magnetic properties of materials. It operates by rapidly vibrating a sample of the material in a uniform magnetic field, which induces a voltage in a set of pickup coils. The induced voltage is proportional to the magnetic moment of the sample, allowing the magnetization of the material to be determined.
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3 protocols using vibrating sample magnetometer
1
Detailed Particle Size Analysis
2
Amorphous Nd-Fe-B Alloy Synthesis
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Example 1
Iron rich Nd—Fe—B alloys with nominal Nd contents (between 8.2 at. % and 5.9 at. %) were melt-spun to a partially amorphous state in the form of flakes. The flakes were ball milled to a fine powder form using a SPEX high energy ball mill (“HEBM”), resulting in an amorphization of Nd and B, leaving only a portion of the α-Fe in a crystalline state. A ball-to-powder weight ratio (“BPR”) of 5 was employed for the milling studies. Crystallization temperatures were determined by a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (“DSC”) (Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, Mass.). High pressure crystallization studies were carried out using an inductively heated hot press under pressures as high as 1 GPa. Thermomagnetic, M(T), measurements were carried out using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (“VSM”) (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc., Westerville, Ohio) equipped with a high temperature furnace. A diffractometer (Bruker Corp., Billerica, Mass.) was used for structural characterizations. The compacted samples were examined in a CM200 Transmission Electron Microscope (“TEM”) (Koninklijke Philips N.V., Amsterdam).
3
Characterization of Fluorinated Molecular Probes
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NMR spectra of the pure fluoroprobe and its modified analogues were recorded on a Bruker Avance NMR spectrometer (1H, 500 MHz). Powder XRD studies were conducted using Rigaku Miniflex 600 XRD instrument operating at 1.54 Å with a CuKα source. A Jeol/JEM 2100 high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) operating at 200 kV was used to record the TEM images. The magnetic properties were analysed using a Lake Shore Cryotronics vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The UV/visible absorption spectrum was recorded on a Shimadzu UV/visible spectrophotometer in the range 190–1100 nm. Horiba Flouoromax-4- spectrofluorometer was used for fluorescence measurement.
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