9 cis retinoic acid

GGA, phytenic acid, farnesoic acid and geranoic acid were generous gifts from Kuraray (Okayama, Japan). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA) were obtained from Wako, Osaka, Japan. (S)-2,3-dihydroGGA, (R)-2,3-dihydroGGA and dolichoic acid were synthesized and provided by Dr. Sagami of Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Geranylgeraniol (GGOH), phytanic acid, arachidic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tunicamycin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. IRE1 inhibitor III, 4μ8C (#412512), was from Calbiochem, Merck Millipore Japan, Tokyo, Japan.

GW4064, (Z)-guggulsterone (GS), T0901317, 1α,25-vitamin D₃, GW7647, and GW1929 were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). CDCA, lithocholic acid, and Fast-blue BB salt were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). GW501516 was from ChemScene LLC (Newark, NJ, USA). All-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid were from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan). BMP-2 was from Miltenyi Biotec. (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Naphthol AS-MX phosphate was from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Amino acid derivative and the coupling reagents were from Watanabe Chemical (Hiroshima, Japan) or Peptide Institute (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan), FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, and Aurora Fine Chemicals (San Diego, CA, USA) unless otherwise stated.