Proton transverse relaxation rates (RR) are influenced by inhomogeneities in the local magnetic field resulting from the paramagnetic effect of iron. Cerebral structures that contain considerable iron present elevated RR. The field inhomogeneity is expected to increase in high magnetic fields and lead to an increase in RR for 7 T maps in comparison to 1.5 T maps. Syngo MapIt (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) was used to automatically create parametric maps of T2 and T2* sequences. ROIs were manually drawn on anatomical axial T2* and T2 images. We chose a ROI of 20–40 pixels to provide comparable size between participants and regions. The following ROIs were chosen: left and right DN, cerebellar white matter (Cer), globus pallidus (GP) and the splenium of the corpus callosum (CCS). Great care was taken, to assess only voxels belonging to DN but not white matter. Because in the 7 T scanner merely one slice of the T2 sequence could be acquired, we drew ROIs only in the DN and cerebellar white matter. For all ROIs mean T2 and T2* were assessed. The relaxation rates R2, R2*, and R2′ were computed with the following formulas: R2 = 1 / T2, R2* = 1 / T2*, R2′ = R2* − R2. R2′ is suggested to have higher iron specificity than R2 and R2* (Gelman et al., 1999 (link); Schenck and Zimmerman, 2004 (link)).
Syngo mapit
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany
Syngo MapIt is a software application developed by Siemens for medical imaging and analysis. It provides tools for visualizing and processing medical images, such as MRI, CT, and PET scans. The core function of Syngo MapIt is to enable healthcare professionals to perform image-based analysis and visualization tasks.
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7 protocols using syngo mapit
1
Magnetic Field Influence on Iron-Induced Transverse Relaxation
2
Shoulder Joint MRI Protocol
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The 3-Tesla MRI system used in this study was a Magnetom Verio (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) with a 70 cm gantry width and an 18-channel total imaging matrix. To ensure that the shoulder was as close as possible to the magnetic isocenter, all the patients were placed in a supine position with the head first and with the shoulder joint stabilized in external rotation. Proton density-weighted, fat-saturated MRI sequences as well as T1- and T2-weighted sequences without fat saturation were used for morphological assessment of the (fibro)cartilaginous joint structures. Oblique coronal and oblique sagittal sequences were oriented perpendicular and parallel to the glenoidal fossa, respectively. A multi-echo spin-echo sequence for inline T2 mapping provided by the manufacturer (syngo MapIT, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) was used as the study sequence. In this sequence, a pixel-wise, monoexponential, non-negative least squares fit analysis was used to derive the T2 relaxation times from the T2 parameters, which were then used for further analysis. A color-coded map was automatically generated from the quantitative T2 relaxation times. A detailed overview of the in-house shoulder protocol and the T2 mapping study sequence is given in Table 1 .
3
Quantifying Early Cartilage Injury Post-Surgery
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At 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after the operation, rabbits were sacrificed and frozen in −80° before performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evidence of early cartilage injury using a Siemens TIM Trio 3 T (T) MRI scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a small animal-specific knee coil (Chenguang Medical Technologies Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) to improve the signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios. The protocol included five sequences (T1, T2, T1-Flash 3D, PD, T2-map, Supplementary Table S10 ) for morphologic observation and quantitative analysis. The total acquisition time was approximately 40 min. T2-mapping values of medial chondyle were analyzed by a senior musculoskeletal radiologist using an inline processing package (SyngoMapIt; Siemens), as previously described23 (link)24 (link).
4
Liver MRI Relaxometry Protocol
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With the permission of our institutional ethics committee, we performed PMMR imaging using a 1.5T MR imaging clinical scanner (Avanto, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a dedicated 6-channel body matrix coil and spine matrix coil. We measured T1 and T2 values with a relaxation time map creation tool (syngo MapIt, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany).23 Table 1 shows the scan parameters for the liver. A dual-flip angle technique based on the 3D-FLASH spoiled gradient echo sequence was employed for T1 mapping. T2 mapping was based on a multi-echo spin echo sequence. However, the first echo was ignored in the pixel-wise calculation of the T2 map, since it consistently yielded a lower signal than the second echo. Inhomogeneity correction was performed for static magnetic field (B0); however, it was not performed for radiofrequency magnetic field (B1).
5
Quantitative T2 Mapping of Knee Cartilage
6
Multi-echo MRI Evaluation of Spinal Anatomy
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All study participants underwent MRI in the supine position on a 3-T scanner (Prisma; Siemens Medical Solutions). We utilized a spine matrix coil (24-channel, triple mode) that was smoothly integrated into the patient table. The protocol included standard sequences (localizer images; T1- and T2-weighted transversal and sagittal oriented MRI scanss, each with a slice thickness of 4 mm) and a 3-dimensional high-resolution multiecho data image combination (MEDIC) sequence. The MEDIC sequence used the following imaging parameters: repetition time = 43 ms; echo time = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ms; field of view = 192 × 216 mm2; slice thickness = 1 mm; voxel size = 1 × 1 × 1 mm3; slice gap = 1.2 mm; receiver bandwidth = 260 Hz per pixel; flip angle = 25°; number of excitations = 1; and scan time = 11 minutes 10 seconds. The T2* maps were automatically processed inline (SyngoMapIT; Siemens Medical Solutions) utilizing a nonlinear, squared, curve-fitting algorithm.
7
Optimizing FLAIR Imaging for Postmortem MRI
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PMMR imaging was performed using a 1.5 tesla clinical scanner with an 8-channel head coil (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). T 1 values were measured using a relaxation time map creation tool (syngo MapIt, Siemens), 23 which utilizes the variable flip angle for a 3-dimensional volumetric interpolated breath hold examination (3D-VIBE). 24 (link) Scan parameters were: repetition time (TR), 25 ms; echo time (TE), 1.79 ms; flip angle, 3°and 15°; pixel size, 0.9 mm © 0.9 mm; slice thickness, 3 mm; number of slices, 22; and scan time, 269 s.
We obtained FLAIR images of a 66-year-old woman who died of aortic injury, 19 hours after death using the TI routinely used for living bodies (2300 ms) and a TI optimized for cadavers with low temperature. The RT of the subject was 16°C.
We calculated the T 1 value using the derived regression of the other 27 subjects, excluding the 66year-old female subject, and calculated the optimized TI by multiplying the T 1 by 0.693 times (TI = 0.693 * T 1 value). 21 Other scan parameters were: TR, 9000 ms; TE, 106 ms; echo train length, 21; pixel size, 1.0 mm © 0.9 mm; slice thickness, 6 mm; gap, = one mm; number of slices, 20; and scan time, 180 s.
A board-certified radiologist compared the CSF signals of the 2 FLAIR images.
We obtained FLAIR images of a 66-year-old woman who died of aortic injury, 19 hours after death using the TI routinely used for living bodies (2300 ms) and a TI optimized for cadavers with low temperature. The RT of the subject was 16°C.
We calculated the T 1 value using the derived regression of the other 27 subjects, excluding the 66year-old female subject, and calculated the optimized TI by multiplying the T 1 by 0.693 times (TI = 0.693 * T 1 value). 21 Other scan parameters were: TR, 9000 ms; TE, 106 ms; echo train length, 21; pixel size, 1.0 mm © 0.9 mm; slice thickness, 6 mm; gap, = one mm; number of slices, 20; and scan time, 180 s.
A board-certified radiologist compared the CSF signals of the 2 FLAIR images.
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