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5 protocols using clarithromycin

1

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of A. hydrophila

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Antibiotic susceptibility profile for A. hydrophila Ah17 was determined by the Kirby‐Bauer disk diffusion method (Bauer, Kirby, Sherris, & Turck, 1966). The following antibiotics were tested: Amikacin (AK: 30 μg), Amoxicillin (AMC: 30 μg), Ampicillin (AMP: 10 μg), Azithromycin (AZM: 15 μg), Cefixime (CFM: 5 μg), Cefoperazone (CPZ: 75 μg), Cefpodoxime (CPD: 10 μg), Ciprofloxacin (CIP: 5 μg), Chlorompenicol (C: 30 μg), Clarithromycin (CLR: 15 μg), Co‐Trimoxazole (COT: 25 μg), Doxycycline hydrochloride (DO: 30 μg), Fosfomycin (FO: 200 μg), Fusidic acid (FC: 10 μg), Gentamicin (GEN: 10 μg), Imipenem (IPM: 10 μg), Kanamycin (K: 30 μg), Linezolid (LZ: 30 μg), Methicillin (MET: 5 μg), Minocycline (MI: 30 μg), Nalidixic acid (NA: 30 μg), Nitrofurantoin (NIT: 300 μg), Norfloxacin (NX: 10 μg), Penicillin G (P: 10 μg), Pristinomycin (RP: 15 μg), Rifampicin (RIF: 5 μg), Streptomycin (S: 10 μg), Teicoplanin (TEI: 30 μg), Tetracycline (TE: 30 μg), Trimethoprim (TR: 5 μg), Tobramycin (TOB: 10 μg), and Vancomycin (VA: 30 μg) (HiMedia). 200 μl of A. hydrophila Ah17 suspension was swabbed on Mueller‐Hinton agar (MHA) medium (HiMedia) and kept for drying. Antibiotic discs were placed on the MHA medium and incubated at 37°C for 24–48 hr. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured, and susceptibility was categorized according to the manufacturer's protocol.
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2

Antibiotic Susceptibility of H. pylori

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A modified disc diffusion method was used to investigate the susceptibility of H. pylori isolates to clarithromycin (15 mg) and metronidazole (5 mg) (HIMEDIA, Mumbai, India). For this purpose, bacterial suspensions were prepared in the sterile saline (2 mL) equivalent to 3 McFarland standard (∼9.0 × 108 CFU/mL). The suspensions were streaked onto Müller–Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood (Bahar-Afshan, Tehran, Iran). After 10 min of inoculation, antibiotic discs were placed and incubated in a microaerophilic atmosphere at 37°C for 5–8 days. Susceptibility testing and interpretive criteria were interpreted according to CLSI guideline; inhibition zone for metronidazole was <16 mm and no inhibition zone for clarithromycin.
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3

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the protocols of the CLSI [44 ]. The results were evaluated according to the EUCAST cut-off values [45 ] using antibiotics applicable to the treatment of patients, namely meropenem (10 µg, MEM10C) from Mast Group Ltd., UK, penicillin-G (10 U, SD028-1PK), ampicillin (10 µg, SD002-1PK), amoxycillin (25 µg, SD129-1PK), amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 µg, AUG30C), carbenicillin (100 µg, SD004-1PK), cefamandole (30 µg, SD200-1PK), erythromycin (15 µg, SD013-1PK), clarithromycin (15 µg, SD192-1PK), streptomycin (10 µg, SD031-1PK), tetracycline (30 µg, SD037-1PK), doxycycline hydrochloride (30 µg, SD012-1PK), chloramphenicol (30 µg, SD006-1PK), nalidixic acid (30 µg, SD021-1PK), ciprofloxacin (5 µg, SD060-1PK), pefloxacin (5 µg, SD070-1PK), and co-trimoxazole (25 µg, SD010-1PK) from HiMedia, India.
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4

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori

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Susceptibility of H. pylori clinical isolates to clarithromycin (2 μg), metronidazole (5 μg), amoxicillin (10 μg), and tetracycline (30 μg) (HI Media Laboratories, Mumbai, India) was evaluated by the disc diffusion test. For disk diffusion purposes, H. pylori isolates were cultured on Mueller Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) containing 10% defibrillated sheep blood and were incubated for 72 h at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions. Then, a McFarland 3 turbidity standard was prepared by adding colonies into the brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (Merck, Germany). Afterward, it was inoculated into the Mueller Hinton agar, and antibiotic disks were placed. Finally, plates were incubated at 37°C for 3 days under microaerophilic conditions. Subsequently, an agar dilution test was performed based on the guidelines of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Accordingly, serial dilution was performed by adding inoculum in each glass test tube. The range of final concentrations for each antibiotic were 1–4 μg/mL for tetracycline, 2–64 μg/mL for metronidazole, 0.25–1 μg/mL for amoxicillin, and 0.125–1 μg/mL for clarithromycin. All the powder antibiotics were obtained from Sigma Company, China.
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5

Gefitinib-Eudragit RL100 Nanoparticle Formulation

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Gefitinib and Eudragit® RL100 were obtained as gift samples from Neon Laboratories Ltd. (Mumbai, India) and Dr Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. (Hyderabad, India), respectively. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with molecular weight 13,000 was obtained from National Chemicals (Gujarat, India). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 with molecular weight 40,000 was procured from HiMedia® Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Methanol high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Finar Ltd. (Ahmedabad, India). Highly pure water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity, Milli Q) was produced in the laboratory. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Media (DMEM) and trypsin ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and antibiotic solution (a mixture of penicillin, streptomycin, and clarithromycin) were obtained from HiMedia® Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. All other chemicals were purchased from Merck Ltd. (Mumbai, India).
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