Autolab electrochemical analyzer

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was performed by means of a high-resolution transmission electron microscope Tecnai G2 T20 X-TWIN (FEI) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The samples were prepared for analysis by scratching the film from the surface of the electrode and placing it on a TEM copper grid. Moreover, microscopic images of the pSPCE/PbNPs surface were attained with a high-resolution scanning electron microscope Quanta 3D FEG (FEI, USA) (acceleration voltage of 5.0 kV, working distance of 9.3 mm, magnification of 25,000×).
All voltammetric studies were made using a µAutolab electrochemical analyzer (Eco Chemie, Utrecht, The Netherlands) controlled by GPES 4.9 software. The standard quartz electrochemical cell with a volume of 10 mL composed of a commercially available screen-printed carbon sensor (SPCE, DropSens, Spain, Ref. C150) was applied for experiments. The SPCE sensor consisted of a screen-printed carbon working electrode, a platinum screen-printed auxiliary electrode, and a silver screen-printed pseudo-reference electrode. The µAutolab analyzer controlled by FRA 4.9 software was used for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements.
HPLC analyses were performed on a VWR Hitachi Elite LaChrom HPLC with a PDA detector using an Ascentis Express C18 column (15 cm × 2.1 mm i.d., 2.7 μm).

A µAutolab electrochemical analyzer from EcoChemie (Utrecht, Netherlands) was used for electrochemical measurements. A standard three-electrode configuration consisting of the glassy carbon modified working (GC, A = 0.07 cm³), Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) reference and Pt wire counter electrodes was incorporated into a glass cell (V = 20 cm³). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out using a HITACHI S-3400N microscope.

Voltammetric studies were performed on a µAutolab electrochemical analyzer integrated with GPES 4.9 software (Eco Chemie, Utrecht, the Netherlands) and an electrode stand (M164D, MTM Anko, Krakow, Poland), in a three-electrode arrangement with a glassy carbon electrode (diameter of 1 mm) electrochemically coated with lead (GCE/PbF) as a working electrode, a platinum electrode as an auxiliary electrode, and Ag/AgCl (3 mol L⁻¹ KCl) as a reference electrode. A µAutolab analyzer integrated with FRA 4.9 software was applied for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Silicon carbide paper (SiC-paper, #4000, Buehler, Skovlunde, Denmark), alumina particle suspension (1.0, 0.3, and 0.05 µm), and a Buehler polishing pad were used to prepare the GCE surface before a series of measurements. A UV digester, made by Mineral, Poland, was used for three-hour mineralization of the certified reference material water samples (SLEW-3, estuarine water, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada) and river water samples (acidified to a pH of 2.0 with nitric acid, Vistula River, Sandomierz, Poland).