Vivid e9 ultrasound system

Manufactured by GE Healthcare

Sourced in United States, Norway

The Vivid E9 is an ultrasound imaging system developed by GE Healthcare. It is designed to capture high-quality images of the body's internal structures using sound waves. The system features advanced imaging technology and software to provide clear and detailed visualizations for medical professionals.

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37 protocols using vivid e9 ultrasound system

Echocardiography and Plasma Volume Estimation

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Echocardiographic protocol has been previously described in detail [22 (link)]. In brief, transthoracic echocardiography was performed on a Vivid e9 ultrasound system (General Electric, Horten, Norway), and stored digitally for offline analysis. For two-dimensional and Doppler images, three consecutive beats for patients in sinus rhythm and multiple beats for patients with atrial fibrillation were measured and averaged. Left ventricular (LV) end systolic volume (LVESV), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and left atrial volume index (LAVi) were assessed using the biplane method of disks. LV dimensions were measured from frozen end-diastolic and end-systolic 2D images in the parasternal long axis to assess LV mass (LVM).
Plasma volume was estimated as: (1 − hematocrit) × (α + [β × weight in kg]), in which α = 1530 and β = 41 for men, whereas α = 864 and β = 47.9 for women [29 (link), 30 (link)].

Omar M., Jensen J., Kistorp C., Højlund K., Videbæk L., Tuxen C., Larsen J.H., Andersen C.F., Gustafsson F., Køber L., Schou M, & Møller J.E. (2022). The effect of empagliflozin on growth differentiation factor 15 in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial (Empire HF Biomarker). Cardiovascular Diabetology, 21, 34.

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Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiography Protocol

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TTE was performed on the third day of hospitalization using a high-definition Vivid E9 Ultrasound System with a 3.5-Mhz transducer (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway) in accordance with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) recommendations. Images were optimized for gain, compression, depth and sector width and acquired at frame rates of 70–90 frames/s. Three levels (basal, middle and apical) of LV short axis and three LV apical views (4-,3- and 2-chamber) were acquired in the left lateral decubitus position during a breath hold. LV diameters were measured in long-axis parasternal standard views. LV ejection fraction (EF) and left atrial (LA) volume were assessed by means of biplane modified Simpson’s rule from the apical 4- and 2-chamber views, as appropriate. LA volume was indexed to body surface area (BSA). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in M-mode measurement, transmitral blood flow pattern and tricuspid regurgitant velocity by means of pulsed and continuous Doppler wave respectively were also obtained. Tissue doppler imaging was used to calculate E/E’ ratio and assess the diastolic function. Datasets were digitally stored for offline analysis (EchoPAC, Horten, Norway, version 201 software).

Wieczorkiewicz P., Supel K., Przybylak K., Kacprzak M, & Zielinska M. (2022). Acute coronary syndrome versus acute myocarditis in young adults–value of speckle tracking echocardiography. PLoS ONE, 17(8), e0271483.

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Echocardiographic Probe Stabilization Assessment

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In the Catharina Hospital a Philips EPIQ 7 ultrasound system was used with a X5-1 transducer. The iRotate function was used, which made it possible to electronically rotate to the standard apical four, two, and three chamber views. In the Deventer Hospital a GE Vivid E9 ultrasound system was used with a M5S transducer. Standard apical views were recorded by manually rotating the transducer. During echocardiography patients were placed in left lateral position with the sonographer sitting at the right side of the patient. Standard apical views and measurements were first recorded without using the probe stabilizer. Afterwards, the same apical views and measurements were acquired with utilization of the probe stabilizer. During acquisition the sonographer was instructed to position both hands at the ultrasound machine, unless repositioning of the probe was necessary. During both techniques, shoulder abduction and the activity of the right forearm flexor and extensor muscles were recorded. Both the time needed to fixate the probe stabilizer, and to record apical views and measurements were registered.

Bouwmeester S., de Kleijn M., van Wijngaarden J, & Houthuizen P. (2019). The use of a probe stabilizer to reduce musculoskeletal overload of ultrasound operators in routine diagnostic echocardiographic imaging. Journal of Ultrasonography, 19(78), 193-197.

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Comprehensive Cardiac Evaluation Protocol

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Data concerning laboratory tests [NT‐proBNP, haemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, sodium, potassium, calcium, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and D‐dimer], 12‐lead resting ECG [QRS duration, QTc interval, PR interval, left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right bundle branch block (RBBB)], and TTE (LVEF, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure) were acquired from examination reports. Blood samples were analysed by a central laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The eGFR was calculated according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.²⁵ The 12‐lead resting ECG was recorded after hospital admission with Fukuda Denshi FX‐8322 (Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan), with QRS duration, QTc interval, and PR interval automatically measured. TTE was performed with Vivid E9 ultrasound system (GE HealthCare, Wauwatosa, USA), with LVEF measured by modified biplane Simpson's method.

Gao R., Qu Q., Guo Q., Sun J., Liao S., Zhu Q., Zhu X., Cheang I., Yao W., Zhang H., Li X, & Zhou Y. (2023). Construction of a web‐based dynamic nomogram for predicting the prognosis in acute heart failure. ESC Heart Failure, 10(4), 2248-2261.

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Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function

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Echocardiography was performed within 72 h of coronary angiography using a Vivid E9 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) equipped with an M5S phased array probe. An EchoPAC ultrasound workstation (GE Healthcare) was used for offline analysis. Image acquisition and data measurements were according to the recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography [21 (link)].
To assess left ventricular (LV) systolic function, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were measured. To assess LV diastolic function, left atrial volume index, mitral E, mitral A, mitral e’, tricuspid regurgitation velocity, calculated mitral E/A, and mitral average E/e’ were measured. To assess right ventricular (RV) systolic function, RV fractional area change, tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and tricuspid annulus systolic velocity were measured. To assess RV diastolic function, tricuspid E, tricuspid A, and tricuspid e’ were measured.

Zhu Q., Zhao C., Wang Y., Mu L., Li X., Qi Y., Yang J, & Ma C. (2023). Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 as an Inflammation-Related Biomarker of Coronary Slow Flow. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(2), 543.

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Bicycle Exercise Echocardiography Measurements

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Echocardiographic measurements at rest and during exercise were carried out using a Vivid E9 ultrasound system, GE Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois, United States. Data were stored digitally for review and analysis using EchoPAC software, GE Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois, United States.
Bicycle exercise Echo was performed during upright posture. The patient pedals against an increasing workload at a constant cadence. The workload is escalated in a step-wise fashion while imaging is performed. Although imaging can be done throughout the exercise protocol, in most cases, interpretation is based on a comparison of resting and peak exercise images, including chamber dimensions (atria and ventricles), systolic and diastolic function, and tissue Doppler parameters. According to international recommendation, LAVi was determined using the area–length method.[14 (link)] rLAVi was considered as the mean value of three different measures, calculated at rest, in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.[14 (link)]
In the same way, sLAVi was considered as the mean value of three different measures calculated at the peak of bicycle exercise.

Limongelli G., Fioretti V., Di Maio M., Verrengia M., Rubino M., Gravino R., Masarone D., D’Andrea A., Ciampi Q., Picano E., Elliott P, & Pacileo G. (2019). Left Atrial Volume during Stress Is Associated with Increased Risk of Arrhythmias in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of Cardiovascular Echography, 29(1), 1-6.

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Comprehensive 2D Echocardiography Protocol

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Comprehensive 2D echocardiography was performed using a Vivid E9 Ultrasound System (GE Healthcare) with a 2.5- to 4.0-MHz transducer, as part of the recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography [14 (link)]. The modified Quinones equation or volumetric biplane Simpson method, or both, as appropriate, was used to quantify LVEF. Offline 2D-STE analysis (Velocity Vector Imaging) was performed retrospectively. Clinical, survival, and echocardiographic data were masked to the reviewers.

Tseng A.S., Gorsi U.S., Barros-Gomes S., Miller F.A., Pellikka P.A., Clavell A.L, & Villarraga H.R. (2018). Use of speckle-tracking echocardiography–derived strain and systolic strain rate measurements to predict rejection in transplant hearts with preserved ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 18, 241.

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Cardiac Ultrasound for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

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Rats from both experimental groups were monitored at the time of PAB placement and at the terminal experiment using a Vivid E9 ultrasound system with a 12‐MHz phased‐array transducer (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI), achieving 2‐dimensional frame rates of 275 frames per second. After 6 weeks, at the terminal experiment, before euthanasia, 2‐dimensional, M‐mode, color Doppler, and conventional pulsed Doppler images were obtained with simultaneous ECGs. Digitally recorded images were stored for offline analysis with the EchoPac, version 8.0 (GE Healthcare) system.
Interventricular septum and LV free‐wall thickness and shortening fraction were measured by M‐mode from a short‐axis view at the papillary muscle level. The LV eccentricity index, defined as the ratio between the LV anteroposterior and septolateral dimensions,18 was measured at end systole and end diastole as an index of RV hypertension severity and geometric distortion of the LV caused by leftward septal shift (Figure 1). RV functional parameters included fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and RV myocardial performance index.

Sun M., Ishii R., Okumura K., Krauszman A., Breitling S., Gomez O., Hinek A., Boo S., Hinz B., Connelly K.A., Kuebler W.M, & Friedberg M.K. (2018). Experimental Right Ventricular Hypertension Induces Regional β1‐Integrin–Mediated Transduction of Hypertrophic and Profibrotic Right and Left Ventricular Signaling. Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 7(7), e007928.

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Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function

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A standard echocardiographic examination was performed using a Vivid E9 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) equipped with a M5S phased-array probe within 72 hours after coronary angiography. Standard two-dimensional cine loops were recorded for offline analysis using an EchoPAC work station (GE Healthcare).
In accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography [15 (link)], the LVEF (by the biplane modified Simpson method), left atrial (LA) volume index, mitral E, mitral A, and mitral average e’ were measured. Further, mitral E/A and mitral average E/e’ were calculated. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) was performed in accordance with the common standard from the consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force [16 (link)]. LV GLS was obtained by averaging the end-systolic strains of all LV myocardial segments.

Wang Y., Yu H., Zhao C., Li G., Yang J., Jia D, & Ma C. (2022). Usefulness of soluble endothelial protein C receptor combined with left ventricular global longitudinal strain for predicting slow coronary flow: A case-control study. Cardiology Journal, 29(4), 619-626.

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Comprehensive Cardiovascular Assessment Protocol

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Clinical characteristic, laboratory results, electrocardiography (ECG), transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Holter, medication (including the current medication and medication usage after admission), medical history, device therapy (including CRRT and ICD/CRT surgery) were collected.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated by dividing the subtracting the (average) diastolic from the (average) systolic blood pressure value by 3 and adding this value to the diastolic blood pressure. Body mass index (BMI) calculated weight (kg) divided by height squared (meter). All venous blood for complete blood count, biochemistry, and biomarkers (NT-pro BNP and ST2) at baseline were analyzed in the central laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. TTE was obtained with Vivid E9 ultrasound system (GE Medical System, USA). The Simpson method was used to evaluate left ventricular function. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.29 (link)

Yin T., Shi S., Zhu X., Cheang I., Lu X., Gao R., Zhang H., Yao W., Zhou Y, & Li X. (2022). A Survival Prediction for Acute Heart Failure Patients via Web-Based Dynamic Nomogram with Internal Validation: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Inflammation Research, 15, 1953-1967.

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