Rheological studies of the prepared mixtures were carried out on a Haake MARS rotational rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) using a plane-plane configuration, a plate diameter of 20 mm, and a gap of 1 mm. Rheological behavior was investigated according by the following modes: (1) frequency dependence of the dynamic modulus components at a strain amplitude equal to 1%, strain frequency varied from 0.1 to 100 Hz; (2) creep experiments at constant stress of 10, 100, and 500 Pa for unfilled (without ceramic component) PLA followed by load removal (“recovery” stage); (3) viscosity dependence on shear rate (shear rate range was stepwise increased from 0.001 to 10 s−1 with holding at each step for 30 s). Prior to testing, the specimens were dried at 80 °C for 6 h in a vacuum oven VO 400 (Memmert GmbH, Büchenbach, Germany).
Vo400
Manufactured by Memmert
Sourced in Germany
The VO400 is a universal vacuum oven from Memmert. It is designed for a variety of applications that require a controlled vacuum environment. The oven offers a temperature range up to 220°C and can be used for drying, degassing, and other processes that benefit from reduced pressure conditions.
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Lab products found in correlation
18 protocols using vo400
1
Rheological Characterization of PLA Mixtures
2
PLA-Alumina Composite Filament Fabrication
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Commercial polylactide (PLA) powder (eSun Ltd., Shenzhen, China) and alumina (Al2O3) powder (Plasmotherm Ltd., Moscow, Russia) with median particle size around 35 and 30 µm, respectively, were used as feedstock in this work. Alumina was chosen due to its superior hardness, high temperature resistance, and relative low cost. At the same time, PLA has such advantages as biodegradability and biocompatibility, cheapness, and dimensional stability (low shrinkage). In addition, PLA allows printing complex shapes and is easy to print on a standard 3D printer. To obtain filaments in this study, compositions with 50, 60, and 70 vol.% content of the ceramic component were chosen. Mixing of ceramics and polymers was carried out in a PM 100 planetary mill (Retsch, Haan, Germany). The initial raw materials were stirred in a grinding bowl with alumina balls (d = 3 mm) in distilled water for 2 h at a speed of 200 rpm. After homogenization, the mixture was dried for 24 h in a vacuum oven VO 400 (Memmert GmbH, Büchenbach, Germany) at 90 °C, and then sieved on a vibratory sieve shaker AS 200 (Retsch, Haan, Germany).
3
Methanolic Extraction of Plant Biomass
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Twenty grams samples of the plant stem and fruit were individually transferred to cellulose thimbles and subjected to soxhlet extraction with methanol for 8 hr at the boiling temperature of the solvent. The extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator (Buchi Rotavapor R-200, Flawil, Switzerland) at maximum temperature of 45 °C and dried overnight in vacuum oven (Memmert, VO400, Germany, set at 45 °C). All extractions were repeated three times.
4
Dry Matter Determination in Beetroot
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Dry matter was determined in beetroot as well as in fresh and ground freeze-dried juices and pomace. All samples were measured gravimetrically. About 0.6–1 g of the sample was placed in a dish and dried using the vacuum drying method (Memmert VO400, Schwabach, Germany) under a pressure of 10 mPa in 75 °C for 24 h and constant weight, according to information from Rybak et al. [46 (link)] and the AOAC protocol [47 ]. Juices were placed on dried filter paper placed in a dish, which prevented the juice from burning. Measurements were recorded in triplicate.
5
Red Bell Pepper Dry Matter Analysis
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The research material was red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) purchased on the local market (Bronisze, Poland). Due to the seasonality of the raw material and ensuring repeatability of results, fruits from one batch were used. Material, before experiments, was stored in refrigerated conditions at temperature 4 ± 1 °C, humidity 85 ± 5%. Before the analysis, the fruits were washed by tap water and gently dried. The material was cut into pieces of 2 × 4 cm. The dry matter was determined according the AOAC (2002) by vacuum drying (Memmert VO400, Schwabach, Germany) (10 mPa, 70 °C, for 24 h) was 8.57 ± 0.23%.
6
Vacuum Drying of Broccoli Florets
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The drying of the broccoli was conducted by placing the small florets (250 g) in a thermoshelf of the vacuum dryer (Memmert, model VO 400, Schwabach, Germany). The oven is connected to a vacuum pump (Büchi, model V-100, Flawil, Switzerland), where vacuum inlet is controlled via solenoid valves. The pressure inside the system was set at 10 kPa. The broccoli florets were dried at five temperature levels of 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C. The mass of the samples at a time t (Mt) was recorded using a digital electronic balance (Ohaus SP402; precision ± 0.01 g) every 30 min throughout each drying experiment and stopped when there were no noticeable changes in mass of the samples for the last two data points (equilibrium moisture content). Experiments were conducted in triplicate.
7
Vacuum Drying of Kumquat Slices
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Drying was carried out in a vacuum dryer (Memmert, VO400, Schwabach, Germany, 49 L volume) at a temperature of 70 °C with vacuum pressures of 100 mbar. In our previous study we researched different drying methods and conditions for drying kumquat slices and vacuum drying at 70 °C and 100 mbar provided excellent results [36 (link)]. For this reason, this parameter was chosen for drying of OD treated and semi-dried kumquat slices. A total of 50 g of samples were placed on the square aluminum plate and located in the shelves of vacuum dryer. The moisture loss of the samples during drying was measured using a digital balance (Mettler Toledo, MS3002S, Columbus, OH, USA) with 0.01 g precision and recorded at 10 min intervals for 1 to 2 h according to drying performance of the samples. All drying experiments were carried out with 3 replications and final moisture content of all dried samples was recorded as 0.55 g H2O/g dry weight (dw).
8
Moisture Content Analysis of White Hop Shoots
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The moisture content of fresh white hop shoots (from 2009-2011) was analysed according to the method SIST EN ISO 665:2001 (12 ). The samples (5 g of each cultivar) were weighed in an aluminium pan and dried at 102-104 °C for 3 h (VO400; Memmert GmbH+Co.KG, Schwabach, Germany). The drying was repeated at least once until constant mass, with all samples analysed in parallel duplicates.
9
Date Pits Processing and Milling
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Date pits were cleaned and washed with distilled water. After washing, they were dried in a vacuum oven (Memmert VO400, Germany) at 70°C until the moisture content reached 5%, and by using an industrial milling machine (Model S‐G5 500 Swantek, made in Germany) were milled. The powder was passed through a sieve with a diameter of 710 microns (mesh 25) and stored in polyethylene bags at 4 ± 2°C.
10
Fabrication of Polymer-Bentonite Composite Films
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Cast films were prepared by dissolving the polymer and adding bentonite with the incorporated BRE (5% w/w, based on the weight of the polymer) in chloroform. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 8 h to completely distribute the antioxidant in the polymer matrix. The polymer solution was then poured into Petri dishes of 140 mm diameter. Evaporation of the chloroform took place in a fume hood in darkness for 24 h at 25 °C. The subsequent films were dried in a vacuum oven (Memmert VO400, Frankfurt, Germany) at 25 °C for 5 h to remove residual solvent and sealed in a refrigerator subsequently. The eventual thickness of each film was 0.35 ± 0.05 mm. Neat PLA and PCL films and composites containing bentonite (BE 5% w/w) were prepared as reference samples for the important comparison of samples with films containing BRE. The procedure for preparing the polymer composites is shown in Figure 15 , while the composition and names of the tested formulations are given in Table 5 .
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