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Wizard2 gamma counter

Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States

The Wizard2 gamma counter is a laboratory instrument designed to detect and quantify radioactive emissions from samples. It is used to measure the levels of gamma radiation in various applications, such as in nuclear medicine, environmental monitoring, and research. The core function of the Wizard2 is to provide accurate and reliable measurements of radioactive samples.

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55 protocols using wizard2 gamma counter

1

Radiolabeling and In Vivo Biodistribution of IgG

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IgG was labeled with 125I by the standard chloramine-T oxidation method. Briefly, IgG, Na125I, and chloramine-T were mixed at 37 °C for 10 min under slight shaking. The synthesized 125I-IgG was washed by 10 kDa ultrafiltration three times. To determine radiolabeling stability, 125I-IgG was mixed with serum for 24 h at 37 °C. Portions of the mixture were sampled at different time intervals and filtered by 10 kDa ultrafiltration. The radioactivities retained on the filters were detected by Wizard2 Gamma Counter (PerkinElmer) to calculate radiolabeling stability.
For in vivo biodistribution of 125I-IgG assay, B16F10 melanoma tumor-bearing mice were topically administrated with free 125I-IgG and FCS/125I-IgG ointment for different time points. Then, the major organs, including the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, and tumor, were collected and measured by Wizard2 Gamma Counter (PerkinElmer). The cumulation efficacy was calculated by the formulation %ID/g=Rn/R0/mn×100% Where Rn was the radio intensity of the organ at the exact time point, mn was the mass of the organ, R0 was the radio intensity of the applied ointment.
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2

Binding Kinetics of Immunoglobulins

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Purified proteins (C4BP, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) were diluted to 5 μg/ml in PBS and immobilized onto microtiter plates (Maxisorp breakapart, Nunc) at 4°C overnight. The plates were washed 3 times with wash buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20) and non-specific binding sites were blocked with 3% fish gelatin (Norland Products) in wash buffer. 125I- labeled Protein H (50 kcpm) was diluted in binding-PBS (PBS supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20 and 0.1% BSA) and added to the immobilized proteins; in case of immobilized C4BP, indicated amounts of IVIG were added as stated in the individual experiments. After overnight incubation at 4°C and subsequent washing, using a Wizard2 gamma counter (Perkin Elmer) radioactivity in the wells was measured. 125I- labeled C4BP (500 Kcpm) was added to 5*105 bacteria in a final volume of 100 μl in the presence of indicated amounts of different IgG preparations and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Bacteria were washed thrice with PBS prior to counting bacteria-associated radioactivity using a Wizard2 gamma counter (Perkin Elmer).
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3

Biodistribution of Somatostatin Receptor Targeted Radiotracers

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All animal studies were conducted under protocols approved by the University of Pittsburgh and Washington University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC). Biodistribution experiments were conducted as previously described with some modifications.31 (link) Briefly, healthy NCr nude female mice (6–8 weeks, Taconic Labs, Hudson, NY) bearing HCT116-SSTR2-positive tumors were injected with 64Cu- and 68Ga-Y3-TATE analogues (0.74–1.85 MBq) via the tail vein. Animals were sacrificed at selected time points following the injection, and organs of interest were removed, weighed, and counted on a WIZARD2 gamma counter (PerkinElmer). In addition, blocking studies were performed for 64Cu analogues at 4 hours where the mice were injected with 50 µg of Y3-TATE 30 minutes prior to injection of the radiotracer, except CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE, which was coinjected with 100 µg of Y3-TATE at 4 hours. The percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) was calculated by comparison to a weighed, diluted standard.
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4

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Assay

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The degree of ADCC was assessed using a standard 51Cr release assay, as described previously.10 (link) After 30 minutes of treatment with 10 μg/ml antibody, a total of 5×104 CLL target cells labeled with 51Cr were co-incubated with NK cells obtained from healthy donors for 4 hours at 37°C in 96-well plates at effector-to-target ratios of 25:1, 6.25:1, or without effectors. Following this incubation, supernatants were harvested and chromium release was measured with a Perkin Elmer Wizard 2 gamma counter (Waltham, MA). Maximum chromium release was determined using targets lysed with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Cytotoxicity was calculated as follows: %Specific lysis = (Experimental 51Cr release – Spontaneous 51Cr release) ÷ (Maximum 51Cr release – Spontaneous 51Cr release) × 100. NK cells for this assay were enriched from Red Cross partial leukocyte preparations and healthy donor blood using RosetteSep kits (STEMCELL Technologies).
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5

Metabolic Clearance of 89Zr-DFO-UPSN

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To quantitatively evaluate the metabolic clearance profile of 89Zr-DFO-UPSN, healthy mice (n = 3) were injected with 9.25 MBq of 89Zr-DFO-UPSN. The mice were housed individually in metabolic cages and feces were collected at specific time-points p.i. Radioactivity in the feces were counted on Wizard2 gamma counter (PerkinElmer), decay corrected and presented as percentage injected dose (%ID). The mice were PET scanned periodically to monitor the changes in whole body retention of i.v. injected 89Zr-DFO-UPSN with time. Images were reconstructed and analyzed as described before and data is presented as %ID.
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6

Multi-Modality Nanoparticle Characterization

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained on an FEI T12 microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Standard TEM samples were prepared by dropping diluted products onto carbon-coated copper grids. Dynamic light scattering was performed on Nano-Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments Ltd.). Biodistribution studies were performed by measuring the radioactivity in the tissue in a WIZARD2 gamma counter (Perkin-Elmer). Optical imaging was performed by using an IVIS Spectrum Preclinical in vivo imaging system (Ex = 430 nm, Em = 560 nm).
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7

Labeling and Evaluation of 64Cu-Nanonaps

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For labelling, 37 MBq of 64CuCl2 was diluted in 300 µL of 0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 5.5) and added to 400 OD860 ONc nanonaps for 30 minutes at 37 °C. The 64Cu-nanonaps were purified by centrifugal filtration and re-suspended in 500 µL of PBS for further use. For in vitro stability, one OD860 of 64Cu-nanonaps was re-suspended in 1 mL of SGF or SIF and incubated at 37 °C with stirring. Portions of the mixture (50 µL) were sampled at different time points and washed by centrifugal filtration for analysis. Radioactivity was measured by a Wizard2 gamma counter (Perkin Elmer).
PET scans were performed using an Inveon microPET/microCT rodent model scanner (Siemens). After overnight fasting, each BALB/c mouse was gavaged ~7.4 MBq of 64Cu-nanonaps (100 OD860). 5–10 minute static PET scans were performed at various time points post-injection. Images were reconstructed using a maximum a posteriori algorithm without scatter correction. After 24 hours mice were euthanized and biodistribution was measured with gamma-counting.
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8

Ex vivo Biodistribution and Autoradiography

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Following the last SPECT/CT acquisition, mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation and a necropsy was performed. Ex vivo biodistribution of radioactivity was analyzed by scintillation counting (Wizard2 gamma counter, Perkin Elmer), and the radioactivity in respective organs was decay-corrected and calculated as %ID per Gram tissue (% ID/g).
Directly after scintillation counting, tumors were embedded and snap-frozen in Tissue-Tek (Tissue-Tek OCT Weckert Labortechnik, Kitzingen, Germany). For autoradiography, 20-µm frozen tissue sections were measured for 6 h in a microimager (Biospace Lab, Nesles la Vallee, France). Adjacent Sects. (10 µm) were collected for histological analysis and stained with an anti-MMP-9 antibody (abcam ab38889, 1:200, overnight at 4 °C), the appropriate secondary antibody (anti-rabbit A-21206, Invitrogen, 1:800) and DAPI (Vectashield, H-1500, Vector Laboratories, USA).
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9

Radiolabeling and Biotinylation of Insecticidal Toxins

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Purified activated H1.2Ac and Cry1Ac toxins were radiolabeled using the chloramine T method as described elsewhere [24 (link)]. Radioiodination of proteins was confirmed by counting radioactivity in a Wizard2 gamma counter (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) and autoradiography. Specific activities of the radiolabeled toxins were 2.23 mCi/pmol for Cry1Ac and 1.71 mCi/pmol for H1.2Ac.
Purified H1.2Ac, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Ac7 toxins were biotinylated using 30 nM of EZ-Link NHS-LC-Biotin (Thermo Scientific, Hampton, NH, USA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.8 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.4) as described elsewhere [29 (link)]. Labelled proteins were quantified and stored at −80 °C until used.
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10

Measuring NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

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Tumor cell lines were treated with DMSO, 4-OHT, fulvestrant, or G-1 as described previously for 24 hours. Cells were then harvested with trypsin, washed, counted, and adjusted to 1×106 cells/mL. Cells were labeled with 40 µL/mL 111In-oxyginoline (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL) at 37℃ for 30 min. Cells were washed and adjusted to 2×105 cells/mL. Cells were plated with healthy donor NK cells at a 20:1 effector-to-target ratio and incubated at 37℃/5% CO2 for 18 hours. For N-803 experiments, healthy donor NK cells were cultured with N-803 for 24 hours after isolation from PBMCs. NK cells were washed with media prior to being plated with target cells. Maximum release was calculated by lysing labeled cells with 2% Triton X-100. 111IN-counts were read on a Wizard2 gamma counter (PerkinElmer, Shelton, CT). To calculate percent lysis, the following calculation was used:
% Lysis = TestSponMaxSpon×100 .
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