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8 protocols using cordycepin 5 triphosphate 3 α 32p

1

Synthesis and Characterization of 8-oxoG Oligonucleotides

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DNA oligonucleotides containing an 8-oxoG were synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon (Huntsville, AL, USA). All other oligonucleotides were from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, IA, USA). Deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase were from Fermentas (Glen Burnie, MD, USA). T4 polynucleotide kinase was from USB Corp. (Cleveland, OH, USA). All standard chemical reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The radionucleotides [γ-32P] ATP (6000 mCi/mmol) and Cordycepin 5′-triphosphate 3′-[α-32P] (5000 mCi/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns were from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). The Mus81/Eme1 expression vector pET21d-Mus81/HIS-Eme1 was a generous gift from Dr Stephen West at Clare Hall Laboratories, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Hertfordshire, UK. Purified OGG1, AP endonuclease 1 (APE1), pol β and DNA ligase I (LIG I) were generous gifts from Dr Samuel Wilson at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, or were expressed and purified according to the procedures described previously (30 (link)).
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2

DNA Oligonucleotide Synthesis and Protein Purification

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The DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, IA, USA). Deoxynucleotide 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs) were from Fermentas (Glen Burnie, MD, USA). T4 polynucleotide kinase and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Radionucleotides [γ-32P] ATP (6000 mCi/mmol) and Cordycepin 5′-triphosphate 3′-[α-32P] (5000 mCi/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). All standard chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). PCNA was purchased from Enzymax (Lexington, KY, USA). Pol β was a generous gift from Dr. Samuel H. Wilson at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health. APE1, FEN1, and LIG I were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as described below.
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3

Enzymatic Processing of DNA Substrates

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Oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies Inc. (Coralville, IA). The radionucleotides [γ-32P] ATP (6000Ci/mmol) and cordycepin 5′-triphosphate 3′-[α-32P] (5000Ci/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer Inc. (Boston, MA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns were from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) were from Fermentas (Glen Burnie, MD). Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) (100 mM) was from USB (Cleveland, Ohio). Purified thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) was from Enzymax, LLC (Lexington, Kentucky). Purified APE1, pol β, flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) and DNA ligase I (LIG I) were generous gifts from Dr. Samuel H. Wilson at the Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Science/National Institutes of Health (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC. All other reagents were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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4

Synthesis and Purification of Modified DNA Oligonucleotides

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DNA oligonucleotides containing a 5′R-cdA or 5′S-cdA were synthesized and purified by HPLC as described previously (45 ). The structures of 5′R-cdA and 5′S-cdA were illustrated in Figure 1. All other oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, IA, USA). Deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs) were purchased from Fermentas (Glen Burnie, MD, USA). Radionucleotides, [γ-32P] ATP (6000 mCi/mmol) and cordycepin 5′-triphosphate 3′-[α-32P] (5000 mCi/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns were from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). All other standard chemical reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Purified pol β, flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) and DNA ligase I (LIG I) were generous gifts from Dr. Samuel H. Wilson at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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5

Synthesis and Radiolabeling of DNA Oligonucleotides

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DNA oligonucleotide substrates were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA, USA). The radionucleotides [γ-32P] ATP (6000 mCi/mmol) and Cordycepin 5’-triphosphate 3’-[α-32P] (5000 mCi/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer Inc. (Boston, MA). T4 polynucleotide kinase, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and deoxynucleoside 5’-triphosphates (dNTPs) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 Columns were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA). Pierce Avidin Agarose resin was from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). QuikChange II XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit was purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA). All other standard chemical reagents were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Purified enzymes including APE1, pol β, FEN1 and LIG I were made according to the procedures described previously [71 (link), 72 (link)].
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6

Synthesis and Purification of Oligonucleotides

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Oligonucleotides containing the DOB lesion were synthesized as previously described [31 (link)]. All other DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, IA, USA). T4 polynucleotide kinase and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Radionucleotides [γ-32P] ATP (6000 mCi/mmol) and Cordycepin 5’-triphosphate 3’-[α-32P] (5000 mCi/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Deoxynucleotide 5’-triphosphates (dNTPs) were from Fermentas (Glen Burnie, MD, USA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). All other chemical reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) was from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). Recombinant human pol β was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as described previously [13 (link)]. Pol β K72A mutant protein was a generous gift from Dr. Samuel H. Wilson at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health.
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7

Oligonucleotide Synthesis and Preparation

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DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, IA, USA). Deoxynucleotide 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). T4 polynucleotide kinase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Radionucleotides [γ-32P] ATP (3000 Ci/mmol) and Cordycepin 5′-triphosphate 3′-[α-32P] (5000 Ci/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns were acquired from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), l(+)-glutamine, and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All standard chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Escherichia coli uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) was purchased from New England BioLabs Inc. (Ipswich, MA, USA). Purified recombinant pol β dRP lyase mutant (K72A and H34G) and pol β 8 kD domain proteins were generous gifts from Dr Samuel H. Wilson at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health. Purified recombinant human APE1, wild-type (WT) pol β, FEN1 and DNA ligase I (LIG I) were expressed and purified as described previously (14 (link),18 (link),32 (link)).
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8

Synthesis and Purification of Radiolabeled Oligonucleotides

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DNA oligonucleotides containing a 5′S-cdA or 5′R-cdA were synthesized and purified by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to the procedures described previously (63 ). All other oligonucleotides were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT Inc., Coralville, IA, USA). The radionuclides [γ-32P] ATP (6000 mCi/mmol) and Cordycepin 5′-triphosphate 3′-[α-32P] (5000 mCi/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns were from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs) were from Fermentas (Glen Burnie, MD, USA). S1 Nuclease was from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). All other standard chemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Purified pol β, FEN1 and DNA ligase I (LIG I) were generous gifts from Dr Samuel H. Wilson at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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