Thermo anderson g 2

Particulate matter in the air was sampled by an air sampler (Thermo Anderson G-2.5, Thermo Scientific, USA) in Lanzhou, Gansu province for 3 months. After the collection was completed, PM2.5 was obtained by filtering through an ultra-fine glass fiber net. After that, PM2.5 was sterilized, then freeze-dried and concentrated and stored at −80°C for later use. HaCaT cell line was purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). LBP was purchased from Natural Field Bio-Technique Co., Ltd (Shaanxi, China). DMEM medium was obtained from Hyclone (Beijing, China). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was purchased from Si-Ji-Qing Biotechnology (Hangzhou, China). 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-LC3B and anti-P62 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-GRP78 and anti-CHOP antibodies were purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Ad-GFP-LC3B adenovirus, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit, Mitochondrial membrane potential detection kit (JC-1) and the Ca²⁺ probe Fluo-4 AM were also purchased form Beyotime (Shanghai, China).