DAPI, Hoechst 33342, H2DCF-DA, MEQ, and BCECF-AM were purchased from Yeasen
(Shanghai, China). Z-VAD-fmk, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycinA1 (Baf),
cycloheximide (CHX), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), reduced
glutathione (GSH), SB203580, U0126, SP600125, ruthenium red (RR), and disodium
4,4′-diisothiocyanato-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonate hydrate (DIDS) were obtained from
Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX). The following antibodies were used: Cleaved
Caspase Antibody Sampler Kit 9929T (cleaved caspase-3, -7, and -9 and cleaved
poly-ADP-ribose polymerase [PARP]), Procaspase Antibody Sampler Kit 12742T
(Caspase-3, -7, and -9; PARP), Bcl-2 (3498T), Bax (2772T), Beclin-1(3495T),
LC3I/II (12741T), p62(5114S), ER Stress Antibody Sampler Kit 9956T (calnexin,
BiP, IRE1α, CHOP), ubiquitin (43124S), XBP1s (83418S), MAPK Family Antibody
Sampler Kit 9926T (ERK 1/2, p38, JNK), Phospho-MAPK Family Antibody Sampler Kit
9910T (phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK, Rabbit IgG HRP, Mouse IgG HRP),
GAPDH (5174S), and chloride intracellular channel-1 (CLIC1; 53424S) were
purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Alexa Fluor 647
AffiniPure Goat anti-Rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG; H + L) (cat: FMS-RBaf64701)
was obtained from FCMRCS (Nanjing, China).