Pepsin from hog stomach

Chitosan (CS, 75 kDa, 84.3 ± 0.2% deacetylated) was provided by Marine Bio-Resources Co., Ltd. (Samut Sakhon, Thailand). Sodium triphosphate (TPP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Pluronic^® F-127mucin powder from porcine stomach Type III, α-amylase, porcine lipase Type II and bile extract powder, pepsin from hog stomach, pancreatin from hog pancreas, and albumin from human serum (HSA) and bovine serum (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Life Science Production (LPS, Bedford, UK). Serum-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Invitrogen Cop. (Grand Island, NY, USA). Hexahydrocurcumin (HHC) was synthesized from curcumin (Cur) following the method described by Srimuangwong et al. [15 (link)]. Wright-Giemsa dye was purchased from M&P IMPEX Ltd. (Ladkrabang, BKK, Thailand). Analytical grades of acetic acid, acetone, absolute ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Carlo Erba reagents (Val de Reuil, France). Ultrapure water was obtained from the Thermo Scientific Barnstead MicroPure system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Other reagents were used without further purification.