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L α phosphatidylcholine

Manufactured by Avanti Polar Lipids
Sourced in United States

L-α-phosphatidylcholine is a type of phospholipid found in biological membranes. It is a major component of lecithin, which is extracted from various sources such as egg yolk and soybeans. The core function of L-α-phosphatidylcholine is to serve as a structural element in cell membranes, contributing to the bilayer structure that defines the boundaries of cells and organelles.

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44 protocols using l α phosphatidylcholine

1

Soybean Lipid Membrane Characterization

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l-α-Phosphatidylcholine (95%) extracted from soybeans was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Tannic acid, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran (FITC–dextran, Mw 3–5 kDa), and rhodamine B were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Phosphate buffered saline was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Deuterium oxide (D2O, 99.9%) was obtained from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratory. Deionized (DI) water generated by an ELGA reverse osmosis water purification system (MEDICA 15BP) with a resistance of 18.2 MΩ·cm was used in all experiments.
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2

Porcine Ear Topical Formulation Development

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Niacinamide (NIA), k-C RG, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), jojoba oil, tween 80, oleic acid, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) powder, k-carrageenan, chloroform, jojoba oil, trypsin, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Alabaster, AL, USA). l-α-phosphatidylcholine (EPC) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). Ethanol absolute (≥99.8%) and methanol (≥99.8% HPLC grade) were obtained from Fisher Chemical (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK). Double-deionized water was provided by an ultra-pure water system (Arium Pro, Sartorius AG, Gottingen, Germany). The porcine ears were acquired in a local slaughterhouse (Porto, Portugal). Reagents were weighted in a digital analytical balance Kern ACJ/ACS 80-4 (Kern & Sohn; Balingen, Germany). The pH measurements were achieved using a Crison pH meter GLP 22 with a Crison 52-02 tip (Crison; Barcelona, Spain).
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3

Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins in Liposomes

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Lipids were purchased as L-α-Phosphatidylcholine (PC), L-α-Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), L-α-Phosphatidylinositol (PI), L-α-Phosphatidylserine (PS) and Cardiolipin (CL) from Avanti Polar Lipids (AL, USA). The lipid mixture of 45:20:15:5:15 mol% PC:PE:PI:PS:CL in CHCl3, closely resembling inner mitochondrial lipid composition (van Meer et al., 2008 (link)), was dried with a nitrogen stream and resuspended in 100 mM KCl, 10 mM MOPS-Tris, pH 7.0. Lipid suspension was thoroughly vortexed, subjected to seven freeze-thaw cycles and extruded through 200 nm membranes (Whatman plc, UK) to ensure unilamellarity and defined size distribution. Both liposomes and protein in urea were incubated with the mild detergent MEGA-9 (Glycon, DE) above CMC at 80 mM first separately then combined, at room temperature. Subsequently the liposome-protein-detergent mixture was subjected to dialysis against 5 L of liposome buffer to remove both urea and MEGA-9. Incorporation success was monitored by Histodenz flotation assay and sodium carbonate extractions as described elsewhere (Barbot et al., 2015 (link)).
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4

Carvedilol Lipid-Based Formulation

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Carvedilol was purchased from TCI America (Portland, OR, USA). Tween-80 and sodium cholate were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA). l-α-phosphatidylcholine (Soy PC or SPC), l-α-phosphatidylcholine, hydrogenated (Hydro Egg PC or HEPC), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA).
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5

Fluorescent Nanoparticle Molecular Probes

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Perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorode-canethiol (PFDT), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and cholesterol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Perfluoro-15-crown ether (PFCE) was purchased from SynQuest Laboratories (Alachua, FL). 3-(N-succinimidyloxyglutaryl) aminopropyl polyethyleneglycol-carbamyldistearoyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE-PEG3400-NHS) was supplied by NOF Co. (Tokyo, Japan) and CdSe/ZnS QDs was obtained from Evident Technologies (Troy, NY). L-α-phosphatidylcholine (lecithin, 95%, chicken egg) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Antibodies were from following sources: anti-human EGF1R (AbD serotec, Oxford, UK), anti-human ErbB2 and anti-human IGF1R (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). All compounds for the cell culture were supplied by Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA).
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6

Erufosine Compound Synthesis and Characterization

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Erufosine (EPC3) was synthesized in the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany, and was most graciously provided by Prof. Martin R. Berger. It was dissolved in a PBS (phosphate buffer saline, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 8 mM Na2HPO4, and 2 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.4) in 10 mM stock solution and kept at 4 °C. Di-4-ANEPPDHQ and Laurdan (6-dodecanyl-2-dimethylaminonaphtalene) were from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). l-α-phosphatidylcholine from chicken egg (eggPC), cholesterol from ovine wool (Chol), sphingomyelin from porcine brain (bSM), 23-(dipyrrometheneboron difluoride)-24-norcholesterol (TF-Chol) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (Rhod–DOPE) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA).
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7

Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins in Lipid Vesicles

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l-α-Phosphatidylcholine (PC), l-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), l-α-phosphatidylinositol (PI), l-α-phosphatidylserine (PS), cardiolipin (CL), and 1,2-dioleoyi-s-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. 20% DOPE/80% PC, 20% DOPE/65% PC/15% CL, 60% PC/20% PE/15% PI/5% PS, and 45% PC/20% PE/15% PI/5% PS/15% CL lipid mixtures were dried under continuous N2 flow to form thin lipid films and additionally dried in a desiccator for at least 3 h. Lipid films were hydrated in 150 mM NaCl and 20 mM Hepes buffer, pH 7.4. LUVs were formed by repeated freeze–thaw cycles, followed by extrusion through a 100-nm diameter polycarbonate filter (Whatman). Protein was added to presolubilized liposomesin 0.1% DDM LUVs with a molar protein/lipid ratio of 1:450 in 350 µl incorporation mixture. Proteoliposomes were formed by DDM depletion by using detergent-adsorbent Bio-Beads SM-2 Resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories).
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid-Polymer Conjugates

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l-α-Phosphatidylcholine (PC,
>95%, from soy) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Fluorescein
isothiocyanate–dextran (FITC–dextran, Mw 3–5 kDa) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All
other chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and
used as received unless otherwise noted. The solvents used for polymerization
were further purified by using alumina columns under argon protection.
CD2Cl2 and CDCl3 were purchased from
Cambridge Isotope laboratories. 1H NMR was collected by
Bruker AV-400 III spectrometer at 298 K and analyzed by using Topspin
software. Chemical shifts (δ) given in parts per million (ppm)
were referenced to protio impurities.
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9

Recombinant CYP3A4 Enzyme Purification

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CBZ was
purchased from Acros Organics (Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). l-α-Phosphatidyl
choline, l-α-phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and l-α-phosphatidic acid were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids
(Alabaster, AL, USA). 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propansulfonate
(CHAPS) was purchased from Applichem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). HisPur
Ni–NTA beads were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, and
CM macroprep ion-exchange support was obtained from Biorad (Hercules,
CA, USA). Escherichia coli HMS 174
(DE3) cells were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide,
DEAE–sepharose fast-flow ion-exchange and adenosine 2′,5′-diphosphate
agarose affinity supports were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO, USA). Primers for recombinant DNA manipulations were obtained
from Microsynth (Balgach, Switzerland). 10-Methoxy-carbamazepine was
obtained from TLC PharmaChem (Vaughan, Ontario, Canada). Bactosomes
with a high reductase/CYP3A4 ratio (Human CYP3A4R EasyCYP Bactosomes)
were purchased from CYPEX, Ltd. (Dundee, U.K.).
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10

Coagulation Pathway Protein Quantification

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The following materials were obtained from the sources shown in parentheses: thromboplastin (TF), kaolin (Renam, Moscow, Russia), fVIIa (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) fVa, fIXa, fXIa, fV, fIX, Anti-Human Factor XI antibody (Haematologic Technologies Inc., Vermont, USA), fII (Enzyme Research Laboratories Inc, South Bend, IN, USA), fVIII (Hemophil M, Baxter, Moscow, Russia), L-α-phosphatidylserine (Brain, Porcine) (PS), L-α-phosphatidylcholine (Egg, Chicken) (PC) (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, Alabama, USA), specific fXIIa inhibitor corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI) (Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia), D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone (PPACK), (Calbiochem, Emd Biosciences Inc, San Diego, CA, USA), mouse anti-human CD61 labeled with peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex (anti-CD61-PerCP), annexin V-FITC (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), chromogenic substrate for fXIIa, fXIa and kallikrein S2302 (CHROMOGENIX, Instrumentation Laboratory company, Bedford, MA, USA), fluorogenic substrate for thrombin Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC·HCI (Bachem Americas, Inc., Torrance, CA, USA). Nitrophorin 2 was prepared as described [16] . All other reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA).
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