Scd14

Manufactured by R&D Systems

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany

SCD14 is a cell surface protein that serves as a receptor for Sendai virus. It is expressed on a variety of cell types and is involved in viral entry and infection.

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Spelling variants of this product

Human sCD14 Quantikine ELISA kit (10 citations) Soluble CD14 (sCD14) (5 citations) Human sCD14 ELISA kit (4 citations) Human sCD14 Quantikine ELISA (4 citations) SCD14 ELISA (3 citations) Human sCD14 Immunoassay kit (3 citations) ELISA kit for Human sCD14 (2 citations) Human sCD14 DuoSet ELISA (2 citations) Human sCD14 Immunoassay (2 citations) SCD14 kit (2 citations)

95 protocols using scd14

Serum Biomarker Measurement Protocol

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Serum biomarkers were measured at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, MIP-1β, IP-10, eotaxin, MCP-4, MDC, TARC, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-8, were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (Meso Scale Diagnostics, Rockville, MD). sCD14 and presepsin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (sCD14: R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN and presepsin: MyBiosource, San Diego, CA). Immunoassay performance characteristics are summarized in Supplemental Table S1.

Mabrey F.L., Nian H., Yu C., Barnes E.M., Malhotra U., Mikacenic C., Goldstein J., O'Mahony D.S., Garcia-Diaz J., Finn P., Voelker K., Morrell E.D., Self W.H., Becker P.M., Martin T.R, & Wurfel M.M. (2023). Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center trial of the clinical and biological effects of anti-CD14 treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. eBioMedicine, 93, 104667.

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Fecal and Serum Biomarker Assay

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Enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure fecal calprotectin, serum diamine oxidase (DAO) (both: Immundiagnostik, Bensheim, Germany), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP, Hycult Biotech, Uden, the Netherlands), and soluble CD14 (sCD14, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).

Horvath A., Bausys A., Sabaliauskaite R., Stratilatovas E., Jarmalaite S., Schuetz B., Stiegler P., Bausys R., Stadlbauer V, & Strupas K. (2020). Distal Gastrectomy with Billroth II Reconstruction is Associated with Oralization of Gut Microbiome and Intestinal Inflammation: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 28(2), 1198-1208.

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Immune Profiling of HIV-Infected Women

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Cellular activation was assessed by staining mononuclear cell suspensions with antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, CCR5, CD69, and Ki67 in all participants. Naïve, effector, and memory T cells were characterized by CD45RA and CCR7 in HIV-infected women. Samples were stained as described,³⁰ acquired on a LSRII instrument and analyzed using FlowJo software (FlowJo, Ashland, OR).
Soluble mediators in CVL and EML were analyzed in all participants using the Human Cytokine and Chemokine Panel I Kit (Millipore, Billerica, MA) using a MagPix instrument, or by ELISA (sCD163: Trillenium Diagnostics, LLC, Brewer, ME; sCD14: and R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). CVL specimens contained predominantly sloughed dead epithelial cells, and therefore, no further cellular evaluation was performed.

Rahangdale L., De Paris K., Kashuba A.D., Nelson J.A., Cottrell M., Sykes C., Emerson C., Young S.L., Stevens T., Patterson K.B, & Cohen M.S. (2015). Immunologic, Virologic, and Pharmacologic Characterization of the Female Upper Genital Tract in HIV-infected women. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 68(4), 420-424.

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Gut Immune Profiling in HIV Infection

Cited 1 time

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At baseline and after 9 months of ART, rectal (10–15cm from the anal verge) and duodenal (second and third segments) biopsies were placed immediately in either liquid nitrogen, paraformaldehyde for paraffin-embedding or sterile media for single cell suspension by a single investigator (DMA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated using Ficoll-Hypaque™ (Pfizer-Pharmacia, New York, NY). Single-cell suspensions generated by collagenase digestion were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry (Becton-Dickinson LSRII) as previously described^{[7 (link), 24 (link)]} and with the gating strategy as demonstrated in Figure S1. Similarly, immunofluorescent antibody tissue analysis was performed as previously reported^{[7 (link), 24 (link)]}. The numbers of positive cells were counted by a single observer (Z-MM) and presented as cells/mm² of lamina propria.
Plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6; high-sensitivity kit, R&D Systems), soluble CD14 (sCD14; R&D Systems), high-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (CRP; CardioPhase high-sensitivity kit,-CRP assay, Siemens), and zonulin-1 (ALPCO) levels were assessed according to manufactures’ recommendations. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was measured as previously published^{[25 (link)]}. IL-4 was measured by ELISA using the Vascular Injury-II kit (MesoScale Discovery, Gaithersburg, MD)

Sainz T., Serrano-Villar S., Mann S., Ma Z.M., Utay N.S., Thompson C.G., Chun T.W., Kashuba A.D., Siewe B., Albanese A., Troia-Cancio P., Sinclair E., Somasunderam A., Yotter T., Moreno S., Pollard R.B., Landay A., Miller C.J, & Asmuth D.M. (2019). Delayed GALT Reconstitution in Duodenum Compared to Rectum in HIV-infected Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS (London, England), 33(15), 2289-2298.

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Biomarkers of Intestinal Injury and Inflammation

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CCR2 and CCR5 ligands (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, TGF‐β) were measured on the Luminex platform on plasma samples from Day 1 and during cenicriviroc treatment at Days 7 and 14 (HCYTOMAG‐60K MILLIPLEX (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) was used for CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, IL‐1β, IL‐6; Human RANTES enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (PeproTech, London, UK) for CCL5; Human TGF‐β 1 DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) for TGF‐β). Markers of enterocyte death, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I‐FABP) (R&D Systems), and bacterial translocation, flagellin (MyBioSource, San Diego, CA), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) (Hycult Biotech, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA), and sCD14 (R&D Systems), were measured at the same timepoints by ELISA according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Correlation between flagellin and I‐FABP or ALT levels was evaluated in both cohorts.

Lefebvre E., Gottwald M., Lasseter K., Chang W., Willett M., Smith P., Somasunderam A, & Utay N. (2016). Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist Activity of Cenicriviroc in Participants With Mild or Moderate Hepatic Impairment. Clinical and Translational Science, 9(3), 139-148.

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Serum Endotoxin Marker Quantification

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Serum lipopolysaccaride (LPS) activity was determined with a Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay (Hycult Biotechnology). Serum LBP (Hycult Biotechnology), IgG antibody to LPS core (EndoCAb) (Hycult Biotechnology) and sCD14 (R&D Systems, Abingdon, United Kingdom) levels were measured by ELISA. The detection limit for LPS, LBP, sCD14 and EndoCAb were 0.04 Endotoxin Units (EU) /ml, 4.4 ng/ml, 0.125ng/ml and 0.125 EndoCAb Median Unit (EMU)/ml respectively. One EU equals approximately 0.1 to 0.2ng endotoxin/mL.

Aravindhan V., Mohan V., Arunkumar N., Sandhya S, & Babu S. (2015). Chronic Endotoxemia in Subjects with Type-1 Diabetes Is Seen Much before the Onset of Microvascular Complications. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0137618.

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Lipid, Protein, and Immune Markers Quantitation

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Lipid markers were measured by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry as described previously (Haughey, Cutler et al. 2004 (link)). Protein carbonyls were quantitated using the OxyBlot Protein Oxidation Detection Kit as described previously (Schifitto, Yiannoutsos et al. 2009 (link)). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure plasma Neopterin (GenWay Biotech), sCD14 (R&D Systems), sCD163 (from Trillium Diagnostics) and CSF sCD14, sCD163, neurofilament protein light chain (NFL) (UmanDiagnostics), and neurofilament protein heavy chain (NFH) (BioVendor) levels according to manufacturer’s protocols.

Sacktor N., Skolasky R.L., Moxley R., Wang S., Mielke M.M., Munro C., Steiner J., Nath A., Haughey N, & McArthur J. (2017). Paroxetine and fluconazole therapy for HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment: results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of neurovirology, 24(1), 16-27.

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Genetic Markers and Inflammation Profiling

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Whole blood was collected in EDTA-vacutainers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma and neutrophils were isolated as previously described [37 (link)]. DNA was extracted using the Qiagen Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen, Germany) from neutrophils and genotyped for the CD14 (rs2569190) and TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs2569190) SNPs at the Australian Genome Research Facility (AGRF) using the Sequenom MassArray platform. Markers of monocyte activation including sCD14 (R&D Systems, McKinley Place, MN) and sCD163 (Trilium Diagnostics, Bangor, ME) were measured by ELISA in plasma according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The systemic inflammation marker, hsCRP was determined by immunochemiluminometric assay by the hospitals clinical diagnostic laboratory.

Rajasuriar R., Kong Y.Y., Nadarajah R., Abdullah N.K., Spelman T., Yuhana M.Y., Ponampalavanar S., Kamarulzaman A, & Lewin S.R. (2015). The CD14 C-260T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) modulates monocyte/macrophage activation in treated HIV-infected individuals. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13, 30.

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Plasma Biomarker Quantification Protocol

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Stored plasma samples from all 4 timepoints were thawed and analyzed in batch. Commercially available ELISA kits were used to determine the plasma concentrations of soluble CD14 (sCD14; R&D, Minneapolis, MN), soluble CD163 (sCD163; R&D), interleukin 6 (IL-6; R&D), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10; R&D), and C-reactive protein (CRP; R&D) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Duplicates of 20% of the samples were included in each ELISA plate. Results were analyzed using an ELX808 ELISA reader (Biotek, Vinooski, VT) using Gen5 software v2.06.

Agudelo-Hernandez A., Chen Y., Bullotta A., Buchanan W.G., Klamar-Blain C.R., Borowski L., Riddler S.A., Rinaldo C.R, & Macatangay B.J. (2017). Subclinical Herpesvirus Shedding Among HIV-1-Infected Men on Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS (London, England), 31(15), 2085-2094.

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Evaluation of Plasma Immune Markers

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Presence of plasma IFNα (PBL Assay Science), IP-10 (R&D systems), sCD14 (R&D systems), TNFα (R&D systems), D-Dimer (Abcam), and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (Abcam) was evaluated by ELISA per manufacturers protocol.

Saxena M., Sabado R.L., La Mar M., Mohri H., Salazar A.M., Dong H., Correa Da Rosa J., Markowitz M., Bhardwaj N, & Miller E. (2019). Poly-ICLC, a TLR3 Agonist, Induces Transient Innate Immune Responses in Patients With Treated HIV-Infection: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 725.

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