Acarbose

3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). High glucose DMEM, low glucose DMEM, Pen-Strep solution (P/S), insulin, certified fetal bovine serum (FBS), special newborn calf serum (NBCS), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Biological Industries (Shanghai, China). The glucose test kit was purchased from Rongsheng Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). α-Glucosidase (solid), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG), and ascorbic acid were purchased from Yuanye Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acarbose and rutin were obtained from Solarbio (Beijing, China). CellTiter 96^® AQueous One Solution Reagent (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP detection reagents were purchased from Suzhou Comin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Jiangsu, China). Sodium nitrite, aluminum nitrate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from MACKLIN (Shanghai, China).

Streptomycin, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, resazurin, galanthamine, kojic acid, acarbose, rutin, and gallic acid were from Solarbio Life Sciences (Beijing, China). Sigma-Aldrich (Germany) provided BTCl (butyrylthiocholine chloride), ATCI (acetylthiocholine iodide), L-tyrosine, p-NPG (p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside), BChE (butyrylcholinesterase), AChE (acetylcholinesterase), tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), and ascorbic acid. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) supplied a standard n-alkane (C₇–C₃₀) in the GC-MS test and formic acid and acetonitrile (LC/MS-grade) in the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS test. Aladdin (Shanghai, China) offered other solvents and chemicals in analytical purity.

Gallic acid, rutin, streptomycin, cisplatin, acarbose, kojic acid, galanthamine, resazurin, and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were obtained from Solarbio Life Sciences (Beijing, China). Ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), acridine orange (AO), ethidium bromide (EB), α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG), L-tyrosine, acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), and butyrylthiocholine chloride (BTCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Hoechst 33258 and Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit were from Beyotime (Haimen, China). For GC-MS analysis, analytical standard n-alkanes (C₈–C₂₂) were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). For UPLC-MS analysis, LC/MS-grade acetonitrile, formic acid, and ultrapure water were supplied from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China).