The antibiotics susceptibility of isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines [17 ] and against the following antibiotics: imipenem (10 mg), ceftazidime (30 mg), ceftriaxone (30 mg), amikacin (30 mg), gentamicin (10 mg), tetracycline (30 mg), piperacillin/tazobactam (110 mg), ampicillin/sulbactam (20 mg), ciprofloxacin (5 mg), levofloxacin (5 mg) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 mg) (Mast Group Ltd, UK). The CRAB was defined when the isolate was resistant to imipenem [16 (link)].
Ceftriaxone
Manufactured by Mast Group
Sourced in United Kingdom
Ceftriaxone is a laboratory equipment product used in the field of microbiology. It is a cephalosporin antibiotic that functions as an antimicrobial agent. Ceftriaxone inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, thereby preventing the growth and proliferation of various microorganisms.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ciprofloxacin, by Mast Group (14 mentions)
Amikacin, by Mast Group (13 mentions)
Ceftazidime, by Mast Group (11 mentions)
Gentamicin, by Mast Group (9 mentions)
Imipenem, by Mast Group (9 mentions)
Cefotaxime, by Mast Group (7 mentions)
Cefepime, by Mast Group (7 mentions)
Tetracycline, by Mast Group (6 mentions)
Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, by Mast Group (6 mentions)
Levofloxacin, by Mast Group (6 mentions)
Ampicillin, by Mast Group (6 mentions)
Piperacillin tazobactam, by Mast Group (5 mentions)
Ampicillin sulbactam, by Mast Group (4 mentions)
Chloramphenicol, by Mast Group (4 mentions)
Meropenem, by Mast Group (4 mentions)
Tobramycin, by Mast Group (4 mentions)
Nalidixic acid, by Mast Group (3 mentions)
Oxacillin, by Mast Group (3 mentions)
Vancomycin, by Mast Group (3 mentions)
Co trimoxazole, by Mast Group (3 mentions)
15 protocols using ceftriaxone
1
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test of CRAB
2
Salmonella Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling
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The antibiotic susceptibility profiling of the Salmonella isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method [16 (link)]. Seven different antibiotics were used in this study, namely, tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (25 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg) (Mast Group Ltd, Merseyside, UK). Antimicrobial susceptibility was done on Muller Hinton agar (Mast Group Ltd, Merseyside, UK) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25329 control strain was used. The diameter of zonal clearance was measured in millimeters and results were recorded as susceptible (S), intermediate (I), and resistant (R) according to CLSI, performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing [17 (link)].
3
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling
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All isolates were examined for resistance to routine antimicrobial agents by standard disk diffusion method using Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as control strains (17 ). The antibiotics tested were gentamicin, amikacin, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, rifampicin and erythromycin (Mast Co, the UK). Isolates showing intermediate levels of susceptibility were classified as nonsusceptible.
4
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Pseudomonas
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DST was performed using disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) on Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) plates according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline [13 ]. The tested antibiotic disks were: imipenem (10μg), meropenem (10μg), amikacin (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), ceftriaxone(30μg), ceftazidime (30μg), colistin-sulfate (10μg), pipracillin-tazobactam (100/10μg), and gentamicin (10μg) [Mast Co., UK]. P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was used as a control strain for DST.
5
Methicillin Resistance Screening in S. aureus
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The disk diffusion method using cefoxitin (30 μg) disk in Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) according to the CLSI was applied for the screening of methicillin resistance isolates. In addition, PCR assay was used for the detection of mecA gene.12
The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of the isolates against penicillin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, linezolid, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Mast Co., UK) based on the CLSI recommendation (CLSI 2019). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for vancomycin, mupirocin, tigecycline, and fusidic acid was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results for fusidic acid and tigecycline were interpreted according to the European Committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) breakpoints (http://www.eucast.org
The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of the isolates against penicillin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, linezolid, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Mast Co., UK) based on the CLSI recommendation (CLSI 2019). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for vancomycin, mupirocin, tigecycline, and fusidic acid was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results for fusidic acid and tigecycline were interpreted according to the European Committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) breakpoints (
6
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Profiling
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The methicillin resistance of 40 S. aureus isolates were tested by using the Oxacillin agar screen method on the Muller Hinton agar modified by adding NaCl (4 %) + Oxacillin (6 µg/ml) (Dhanalakshmi et al. 2012 ). The strains that could grow on this medium were then tested to be revealed whether they carry the mecA gene (Kot et al. 2020 (link); Ubukata et al. 1989 (link)), as described in the next section.
The disc diffusion method was conducted to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of the identified methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains to Vancomycin (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (15 µg), Tetracycline (30 µg), Gentamycin (10 µg), Ceftriaxone (30 µg), Amikacin (30 µg), Mupirocin (5 µg), Oxacillin (30 µg), Chloramphenicol (30 µg) and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 µg) purchased from MAST Group, Merseyside, UK.
The disc diffusion method was conducted to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of the identified methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains to Vancomycin (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Erythromycin (15 µg), Tetracycline (30 µg), Gentamycin (10 µg), Ceftriaxone (30 µg), Amikacin (30 µg), Mupirocin (5 µg), Oxacillin (30 µg), Chloramphenicol (30 µg) and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 µg) purchased from MAST Group, Merseyside, UK.
7
Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Bacterial Isolates
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The resistance pattern of isolates against 15 antibiotics including 5 fluoroquinolones was determined by disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) as described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2017) guidelines36 . The antibiotic disks used were as follows: amikacin (30 μg), aztreonam (30 μg), cefepime (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gatifloxacin (5 μg), norfloxacin (5 μg), gentamycin (10 μg), imipenem (10 μg), levofloxacin (5 μg), ofloxacin (5 μg), piperacillin (100 μg), piperacillin/tazobactam (100 μg/10 μg), and tobramycin (10 μg) (MAST Co., Berkshire, UK). Drug-resistant patterns were defined as follows: MDR isolates (resistant to at least three antibiotics belonging to different chemical classes), XDR strains (resistant to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial groups), and PDR strains (resistant to all antimicrobial classes)37 (link). E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used as quality control strains.
8
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol
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The profile of this test was investigated based on CLSI [30 (link)] and EUCAST guidelines [31 ] using VITEK 2 compact system (Biomerieux, Craponne, France) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method [32 (link)] for different antibiotics, including Ampicillin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Meropenem, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin (Mast Group, Bootle, England).
9
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Evaluation
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Standard disc diffusion method which is recommended by Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI 2016) was used to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated organisms. Accordingly, susceptibility of the isolates to following antibiotics: amikacin (30 μg/disk), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg/disk), cefepime (30 μg/disk), ceftriaxone (30 μg/disk), piperacilin/tazobactam (100/10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 mg), meropenem (10 μg/disk), ceftazidime (30 μg/disk) and ampicillin-sulbactam (10/10 μg) (Mast Co., Darmstadt, Germany) were examined. In addition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the E-test method according to the manufacturer’s guidelines for colistin against A. baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and P. aeruginosa (AB Biodisk). The MIC was read where inhibition of growth intersected the E-test strip. When small colonies grew within the zone of inhibition or a haze of growth occurred around MIC end points, the highest MIC intersect was recorded.
10
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Isolates
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The susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics was determined using disk diffusion according to CLSI guidelines. The antibiotics tested were oxacillin (1 μg), imipenem (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), clindamycin (2 μg), linezolid (30 μg), vancomycin (5 μg), ampicillin (2 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), amikacin (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), tigecycline (15 μg), piperacillin (100 μg), piperacillin/tazobactam (110 μg), ampicillin/sulbactam (20 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), levofloxacin (5 μg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), and colistin sulphate (25 μg) (Mast Group Ltd., Bootle, UK).
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