D tubocurarine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Australia, Germany

D-tubocurarine is a lab equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It functions as a neuromuscular blocking agent, specifically acting as a competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction.

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Lab products found in correlation

23 protocols using d tubocurarine

Calcium Signaling Pathway Compounds

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Nicotine was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Thapsigargin and ionomycin were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. Fluo-4-AM and PowerLoad^™ concentrate were purchased from Molecular Probe (Eugene, OR, USA). Acetylcholine, d-tubocurarine, nifedipine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Omega-conotoxin GVIA and α-conotoxin AuIB were from the Peptide Institute, Inc. (Osaka, Japan). Atropine was obtained from Katayma Chemical Industries Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Takahashi T., Yoshida T., Harada K., Miyagi T., Hashimoto K., Hide I., Tanaka S., Irifune M, & Sakai N. (2020). Component of nicotine-induced intracellular calcium elevation mediated through α3- and α5-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are regulated by cyclic AMP in SH-SY 5Y cells. PLoS ONE, 15(11), e0242349.

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Muscle Contraction Pharmacological Modulation

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Muscle contractions were determined in the presence of the following drugs: 10 μM d-tubocurarine (Sigma T2379), 500 nM TTX (Abcam ab120055), 1 μM μ-conotoxin GIIIB (Alomone Labs C-270), 50 μM 4-methyl-N-(phenylmethyl) benzene sulfonamide (BTS) (Tocris Bioscience no 1870) and 10 μM blebbistatin (Sigma B0560).

Magown P., Shettar B., Zhang Y, & Rafuse V.F. (2015). Direct optical activation of skeletal muscle fibres efficiently controls muscle contraction and attenuates denervation atrophy. Nature Communications, 6, 8506.

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PGE2 and PGD2 Dose-Response Curves

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PGE₂ and PGD₂ were generous gifts from Professor Ernst H Oliw (Uppsala Universitet). Diclofenac, atropine, tetrodotoxin and D‐tubocurarine were from Sigma‐Aldrich. All the data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. PGE₂ and PGD₂ log dose–response curves were fitted by a 4‐parameter sigmoidal curve model using Prism 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) to estimate the IC50 of PGE₂ and PGD₂.

Guan N.N., Svennersten K., de Verdier P.J., Wiklund N.P, & Gustafsson L.E. (2016). Prostaglandin D2 effects and DP 1/DP 2 receptor distribution in guinea pig urinary bladder out‐flow region. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 21(2), 234-243.

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Activation of Intestinal ILC2s

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Sort-purified small intestinal ILC2s were incubated in complete
RPMI-1640 medium (containing 10% FBS, 50 μM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM
L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100
μg/ml streptomycin) for 4 h at 37 °C and 5%
CO₂. Acetylcholine chloride (0.4 mg/ml, Sigma), ipratropium
bromide (6 mg/ml) or d-tubocurarine (2 mg/ml), IL-2 (20 ng/ml), IL-7 (20 ng/ml),
IL-25 (100 ng/ml), and IL-33 (100 ng/ml) were added if indicated. For
intracellular cytokine staining, the culture was supplemented with phorbol
12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 100 ng/ml), ionomycin
(1 μg/ml) and brefeldin A (10 μg/ml).

Chu C., Parkhurst C.N., Zhang W., Zhou L., Yano H., Arifuzzaman M, & Artis D. (2021). The ChAT-acetylcholine pathway promotes group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses and anti-helminth immunity. Science immunology, 6(57), eabe3218.

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Acetylcholine Receptor Activation Protocol

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The following chemicals and drugs were used: acetylcholine chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States), acetonitrile (ACN, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), ammonium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States), carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States), dithiothretiol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), formic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States), iodoacetamide (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden), LCMS grade acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, United Kingdom), potassium chloride (KCl, Ajax Finechem Pty. Ltd., Taren Point, Australia), proteomics grade bovine trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, Auspep, Melbourne, Australia), d-tubocurarine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) and trifluroethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States). Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals were dissolved or diluted in milli-Q water.

Huynh T.M., Silva A., Isbister G.K, & Hodgson W.C. (2022). Isolation and Characterization of Two Postsynaptic Neurotoxins From Indian Cobra (Naja Naja) Venom. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 815079.

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Ex Vivo Mitochondrial Calcium Assay

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For the ex vivo mitochondrial matrix free calcium assays, we used the membrane-permeable acetoxymethyl ester (AM) form of Rhod-2, Rhod 2-AM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, R1245MP), which compartmentalization is preferentially restricted to the mitochondria. Rhod-2 is a single wavelength Ca²⁺ indicator with peak absorption/emission wavelengths of ~557/581 nm and a Kd of ~570 nM. The AM ester form has a net positive charge, which promotes sequestration into mitochondria. The probe was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted to a final concentration of 5 μM at the bath. After 30 min of incubation with the dye at room temperature, the preparation was washed with a dye-free solution for 30 min and kept at 28–32°C. The experiments were conducted in the absence of Rhod 2-AM in the extracellular solution. Muscle contractions were prevented by including in the bath 15 μM D-tubocurarine (Sigma-Aldrich).

Lopez-Manzaneda M., Franco-Espin J., Tejero R., Cano R, & Tabares L. (2021). Calcium is reduced in presynaptic mitochondria of motor nerve terminals during neurotransmission in SMA mice. Human Molecular Genetics, 30(8), 629-643.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Varespladib

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The following chemicals and drugs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA: acetylcholine (ACh), carbamylcholine (CCh), d-tubocurarine (dTC), bovine serum albumin (BSA), Varespladib (CAS:172732-68-2) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Potassium chloride (KCl) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals were dissolved in MilliQ water, except Varespladib, which was dissolved in DMSO.

Lay M., Liang Q., Isbister G.K, & Hodgson W.C. (2023). In Vitro Efficacy of Antivenom and Varespladib in Neutralising Chinese Russell’s Viper (Daboia siamensis) Venom Toxicity. Toxins, 15(1), 62.

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Vascular Smooth Muscle Contractility

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During experiments, tissues were maintained in Krebs’ solution consisting of (mM): NaCl 118.4, KCl 4.7, CaCl₂ 2.5, MgSO₄ 1.2, KH₂PO₄ 1.2,
NaHCO₃ 25 and glucose 11.7. D-tubocurarine was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Glibenclamide and minoxidil were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry
(Tokyo, Japan). D-tubocurarine was dissolved in distilled water. Glibenclamide and minoxidil were dissolved in DMSO. The highest concentration of vehicles (1%) for the drugs alone had no
effect on the basal tone and contractile responses. The concentrations of drugs given were final concentrations in the bath solution. Glibenclamide and minoxidil were applied
accumulatively.

HORII K., SUZUKI Y., SHIINA T., SAITO S., ONOUCHI S., HORII Y., SHIMAOKA H, & SHIMIZU Y. (2019). ATP-dependent potassium channels contribute to motor regulation of esophageal striated muscle in rats. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 81(9), 1266-1272.

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Muscle Contraction Force Analysis

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Muscle contraction was analyzed in dissected muscles from NOD/SCID and C57BL/6 mice (from the LUMC studies only). Contraction force of left phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragms was recorded in Ringer’s medium containing (in mM): NaCl 116, KCl 4.5, CaCl₂ 2, MgCl₂, NaH₂PO₄, NaHCO₃, glucose, pH 7.4) at room temperature (20–22 °C) with a force transducer (type K30, Harvard Apparatus, Hugo Sachs Elektronik GmbH), connected to an amplifier TAM-A 705/1 (Hugo Sachs Elektronik). The signal was digitized using a Digidata 1440 digitizer (Axon Instruments/Molecular Devices), connected to a PC running Axoscope 10 (Axon Instruments). The phrenic nerve was stimulated supramaximally once every 5 min with 280 stimuli of 100 µs duration at 40 Hz, i.e. for 7 s. The safety factor of neuromuscular transmission was assessed by measuring contraction force before and after equilibration with 125 nM d-tubocurarine (Sigma-Aldrich). The area under each contraction curve was determined in later off-line analyses, using Clampfit 11 (Axon Instruments).

Lim J.L., Augustinus R., Plomp J.J., Roya-Kouchaki K., Vergoossen D.L., Fillié-Grijpma Y., Struijk J., Thomas R., Salvatori D., Steyaert C., Blanchetot C., Vanhauwaert R., Silence K., van der Maarel S.M., Verschuuren J.J, & Huijbers M.G. (2023). Development and characterization of agonistic antibodies targeting the Ig-like 1 domain of MuSK. Scientific Reports, 13, 7478.

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Pharmacological Agents Sourcing Protocol

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Morphine was purchased from Phyto-Riker, Accra, Ghana. Pentobarbitone, caffeine, d-tubocurarine, pentylenetetrazol, and diazepam were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA.

Obese E., Ameyaw E.O., Biney R.P., Adakudugu E.A, & Woode E. (2021). Neuropharmacological Assessment of the Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Calotropis procera (Ait). R. Br. (Apocynaceae) in Mice. Scientifica, 2021, 5551380.

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