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Axioscope 40 fluorescence microscope

Manufactured by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany

The Axioscope 40 is a fluorescence microscope designed for routine fluorescence imaging applications. It features a motorized focusing mechanism and a high-performance LED illumination system. The Axioscope 40 is optimized for efficient fluorescence observation and documentation.

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4 protocols using axioscope 40 fluorescence microscope

1

Fluorescent Dendriplexes Internalization Analysis

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Internalization of fluorescently labeled dendriplexes was investigated by fluorescence microscopy. Cells were incubated with BDEF33 or AE2G3 complexes with or without amiR-155-FAM and alone as stated above. Then, cells were washed twice with 2 mM EDTA solution in PBS and fixed with a mixture of ethanol:glacial acetic acid (3:1, v/v). Cells were resuspended thoroughly to avoid clumps after fixation step and placed on slides.
Then, the slides were analyzed using phase-contrast microscopy for cell cytoplasm and nuclei visualization in transmitted light. After that, slides were mounted with Pro Long Gold antifade containing DAPI (Invitrogen MP, Waltham, MA, USA) to prevent dye photo-bleaching and identify cell nuclei further.
Phase-contrast, as well as fluorescent microscopy, was performed with the Axioscope 40 fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Germany) equipped with a high-pressure mercury lamp HBO 50W, with Zeiss interference filter sets (Set No. 49 for DAPI) and CCD-chamber AxioCam 503 mono (at 1936 × 1460 px resolution and 14-bit capacity). DAPI-stained nuclei images and FAM signals were captured separately with the software package ZEN-2012 (Zeiss, Germany) on the magnitude X1000 (Figure S1). Exposure time was adjusted automatically.
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2

Quantifying Biogenic Neodymium Uptake

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The samples were withdrawn from each tube periodically and measured for optical density using a GeneSys 50 spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific; Waltham, MA, USA). An aliquot of this was removed for direct cell counts using a Zeiss Axioscope 40 fluorescence microscope (ZEISS; Dublin, CA, USA) after staining with the LIVE/DEAD™ BacLight™ nucleic acid stain (Invitrogen/Life Technologies; Carlsbad, CA, USA). The remainder of the sample was passed through an Amicon 100 kD centrifugal filter to remove biomass. A portion of the filtrate was diluted in 2% nitric acid containing an indium internal standard and analyzed for Nd concentration using an Agilent 7900 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies; Santa Clara, CA, USA). Replicate filtrates were pooled for pH measurements.
The percentage of biologically influenced Nd was determined from the difference between the abiotic and biotic sample concentrations divided by the abiotic sample concentration. A higher percentage of influence indicates that more Nd was removed from the solution.
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3

Fluorescent Visualization of Actin and Nuclei in MARC-145 Cells

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To visualize the actin filaments and nuclei, we applied the direct fluorescent double-staining assay. The cells were fixed with 10% aqueous formalin in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution for 20 min and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS. To help reduce nonspecific binding, the cells were incubated with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS. To evaluate the actin filaments, the cells were incubated with tetramethyl rhodamine-isothiocyanate (TRITC)-labeled phalloidin (Sigma-Aldrich®) and diluted 1:100 in PBS for 20 min in a humid chamber in the dark. Then the cells were washed twice with PBS and once with deionized water. Finally, the coverslips were mounted onto slides using mounting medium with 4′6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), to visualize the nuclei (Santa Cruz Biotechnology®, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The slides were observed under the Zeiss® Axio scope 40 fluorescence microscope. The MARC-145 cell cultures were divided into groups that received different treatments as follows: GA (pure drug); SLN, PNP, SLN with GA (SLN–GA); and PNP with GA (PNPs–GA). For evaluation of the NPDC, we employed concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml. The positive control cells were exposed to 5 µl of 30 mM H2O2. The exposure times evaluated were 24 and 72 h.
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4

Cellular Internalization of Fluorescent NPs

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Before the complex formation, the plasmid was stained with propidium iodide and NPs were assembled as previously described. These complexes were added to HeLa cell cultures (with cover slides on the bottom of the wells) and incubated for 15, 30, and 60 min at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 . After these incubation times, NPs were retired and a water solution of 4% paraformaldehyde was added to fix the samples. Then, the cover slides were transferred to a glass slide and the mounting medium with 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Abcam, USA) was used. Samples were stuck to glass slides using nail polish and were finally observed under the Axio scope 40 fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Germany) at × 200 or × 400 magnifications.
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