Clindamycin

Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) (Himedia M173-500G, India).
S. aureus colonies from mannitol salt agar plates were inoculated in 5 ml of 0.85% saline [24 , 25 ], and the turbidity was adjusted to match 0.5 McFarland standard (1.5 × 10⁸ cfu·ml⁻¹). The sterile cotton swabs were dipped into the inoculums and then spread evenly onto MHA. The antibiotic discs including vancomycin 30 μg (Himedia, India), clindamycin 2 μg (Bioanalyse), amoxycillin 30 μg (Oxoid) and levofloxacin 5 μg, (Himedia, India), penicillin G (10 μg), cefoxitin 30 μg, ciprofloxacin 1 μg, ceftazidime 30 μg, amikacin 30 μg, and cotrimoxazole 25 μg (Himedia, India) were applied aseptically to the MHA plates. S. aureus ATCC 25923 was used as control strain. The plates were incubated overnight at 37°C, after which the zones of inhibition were measured using a ruler. The interpretation was according to CLSI [25 ].

The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed following the disc diffusion method [24 (link), 25 (link)], as described before by Halder and Mandal [22 (link)], using MRS agar and approximately10⁸ CFU inoculum from the probiotic strains. The antibiotic discs (Bioanalyse, Turkey) used were Gentamicin (CN: 10-µg/disc), Tetracycline (TE: 30-µg/disc), Chloramphenicol (C: 30-µg/disc), Clindamycin (DA: 2-μg/disc), Erythromycin (E: 15-µg/disc), Kanamycin (K: 30-µg/disc), Streptomycin (S: 10-µg/disc) and Vancomycin (VA: 30-µg/disc). The determined zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) values were interpreted according to the cut-off points given by the CLSI document [26 ].

The sensitivity of MRSA isolates was examined by disk diffusion method based on CLSI guide direction, against antibiotics including vancomycin (30 μg), ofloxacin (10 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25 μg), amikacin (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 μg), and clindamycin (2 μg) (Bioanalyse).