Mice were sensitized and challenged as described earlier28 (Fig. S5 in the online supplement). Mice were divided into four groups as indicated, each group (n = 6) was named according to sensitization/challenge/treatment: SHAM/PBS/VEH (normal controls, VEH-vehicle) called ‘SHAM’, OVA/OVA/VEH (allergic controls, OVA, chicken egg ovalbumin, Grade V, Sigma, USA) called ‘OVA’, OVA/OVA/Simvastatin (allergic mice treated with 40 mg/kg/dose Simvastatin, Sigma, USA) called ‘Statin’ and OVA/OVA/Simvastatin + Mevalonate (allergic mice treated with 40 mg/kg/dose Simvastatin and 20 mg/kg/dose Mevalonate Sigma, USA) called ‘Mevalonate’ respectively.
Mevalonate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Mevalonate is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings for research and analysis purposes. It serves as a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of various molecules, including sterols, terpenes, and isoprenoids. Mevalonate plays a critical role in cellular metabolism and is essential for the proper functioning of various biological processes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Simvastatin, by Merck Group (13 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Atorvastatin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Compactin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Squalene, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fti 277, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Farnesyl pyrophosphate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fatty acid free bsa, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Lovastatin, by Selleck Chemicals (3 mentions)
Simvastatin, by Cayman Chemical (3 mentions)
Mg132, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Propidium iodide, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate ggpp, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Mycoalert mycoplasma detection kit, by Lonza (3 mentions)
Farnesol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Geranylgeraniol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Cisplatin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ggti 298, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Fluvastatin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
63 protocols using mevalonate
1
Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma Model
2
Cholesterol and Sterol Quantification
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NBD-labeled cholesterol was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). N-Methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoracetamide, lathosterol, desmosterol, 25-HC, compactin, mevalonate, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and water-soluble cholesterol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ezetimibe was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Lipoprotein-deficient serum was obtained from Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Caffeine and catechin standards were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Non-catechin flavonoid standards were obtained from Baoji Herbest Bio-Tech Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). The hawk tea leaves were purchased from Yuehua Tea Group Co., Ltd (Yaan, China). The green tea (Xihu Longjing) and black tea (Qimen black tea) leaves were purchased from Beijing Hanmojuxiang Trade Center (Beijing, China).
3
Culturing Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
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Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) were cultured at 37 °C in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Nacalai, Kyoto, Japan) (glucose; 5.5 mM) supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 g/ml streptomycin (Nacalai) (normal glucose-containing media). High glucose-containing media (final 25 mM) was made by addition of 19.5 mM glucose to normal glucose-containing media. In like manner, 19.5 mM mannitol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to normal glucose-containing media as an osmolality control (mannitol-containing media). Cells between passages 8 and 14 were used for the experiments. Unless otherwise noted, cells were cultured for the indicated time periods without changing media. In some experiments, HCASMCs were cultured with rosuvastatin (10 µM), mevalonate (Sigma-Aldrich) (100 µM), FPP (Sigma-Aldrich) (10 µM), GGPP (Sigma-Aldrich) (10 µM), fasudil (Wako) (10 µM) and Y-27632 (Wako) (10 µM). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Lonza) were cultured at 37 °C in the EGM-2 BulletKit (Lonza).
4
Neural stem cell lipid modulation
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NSCs were plated at the density of 1×105 cells/mL on 2% Matrigel coated surface. Cells were allowed to proliferate and reach 80%–90% confluency before treatments were carried out. Overnight treatments (16 hours) were applied unless indicated otherwise. Twelve percent fatty acid–free BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was used as carriers for all lipids used for cell culture treatment. All control wells were treated with 12% BSA. Other compounds and final concentration used in this study are as follows: T0901317 (1 μM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), GSK2033 (10 μM, Tocris, Bristol, UK), Mevastatin (50 μM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), mevalonate (50 μM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 25-HC (1 μg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and Cholesterol (10 μg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO).
5
Modulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathway
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Fluvastatin (Novartis, Nürnberg, Germany) and atorvastatin (Pfizer, Karlsruhe, Germany) were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, which was used as a vehicle control; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM. Pravastatin (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was dissolved in water and used at the same concentrations. Mevalonate, squalene, and water-soluble cholesterol (Sigma) were used at a final concentration of 100 μM. Farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP; Sigma), and dolichol (Larodan, Malmö, Sweden) were all used at 10 μM. The following inhibitors of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway were used at 10 μM: farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI)-277, geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor (GGTI)-298, and the farnesyl/geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor FPT-1 (all from Merck). Tunicamycin (Sigma), a potent inhibitor of the N-glycosylation of newly formed proteins [17 (link)], was used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. AP-9 is a peptide antagonist of CD147 [33 (link)] (Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum, Düsseldorf, Germany). Its purity, as assessed by high pressure liquid chromatography, was >95%.
6
Statin Efficacy in Renal Cancer
7
Cell Culture Conditions and Reagents for Immunomodulation
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RPMI‐1640 supplemented with 2 mM l ‐glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ng/mL streptomycin, and 2% heat‐inactivated human AB serum was used for cell cultures throughout the experiments. TSLP (R&D Systems) and R848 (Invivogen) were used at 15 ng/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively. Pitavastatin (Kowa), simvastatin (Calbiochem), HA1077 (Calbiochem), and mevalonate (Sigma) were each dissolved in anhydrous ethanol. FPP (Calbiochem) and GGPP (Calbiochem) were each dissolved in methanol. FTI‐277(Calbiochem) and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor 298 (GGTI‐298) (Calbiochem) were each dissolved in DMSO. Zaragozic acid A (ZAA; Squalestatin) (Sigma) was dissolved in distilled water. Ethanol, methanol, DMSO, and distilled water were each diluted as vehicle controls.
8
Evaluating RXR-α siRNA Knockdown in HCV-infected Cells
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We followed Santa Cruz small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection protocol and used related reagents (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Briefly, 2 × 105 HCV‐infected Huh7.5.1 cells were seeded in 6‐well plate with the medium supplemented with 10% FBS only. The cells were incubated with 1 ml of siRNA transfection reagent mixture containing retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR‐α) siRNA or control siRNA for 6 h. Then 1 ml of fresh medium supplemented with 20% FBS and 2% penicillin/streptomycin was added to each well and cultured for an additional 24 h. After washed, the cells were treated with statins for 1 day in the presence or absence of mevalonate (Sigma).
9
Hsp90 Mutant Protein Evaluation
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Plasmids expressing Flag (F)‐Hsp90, K292Q, and K292R mutant were described previously.6 The following reagents and antibodies were used: Cdc37, cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Cyclin D1, Hsp27, p‐(S326)‐Heat shock factor 1, and Serine/threonine‐protein kinase 33 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA); p21Cip1 (BD Biosciences, Sparks, MD, USA); AKT, p‐AKT, caspase‐3, cleaved caspase‐3, caspase‐8, active caspase‐8, caspase‐9, cleaved caspase‐9, p‐Cdc37, CDK2, CDK6, Cyclin D1, Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase, p‐eEF2K (S366), Hsp70‐Hsp90 organizing protein 1, HSF1, MEK1/2, p‐MEK1/2, Erk1/2, p‐Erk1/2, and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP)1 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); Hsp40/Hdj1, Hsp70, Hsp90α, and p23 (Enzo Life Sciences, New York, NY, USA); Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β (Merck Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA); Raf‐1 (C20) and Activator of Hsp90 ATPase protein 1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); LBH589, Sim, mevastatin (Mev), pravastatin, anti‐Myc beads (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA); mevalonate, anti‐Flag, β‐actin, anti‐M2, and anti‐HA beads (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); and Transforming growth factor‐β receptor II (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, NY, USA). Secondary antibodies were from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA, USA).
10
Evaluating Cell Cycle Regulators
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Simvastatin was purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and propidium iodide (PI), CHX, MG132 and mevalonate were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). TRIzol reagent was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Antibodies specific to p21, p27, cyclin D1, cyclin E1, phospho-AMPK, AMPK, phospho-STAT3 and STAT3 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA), the antibody specific to p45SKP2 was purchased from Invitrogen, and the antibody specific to β-actin was purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).
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