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5 protocols using ab2386

1

Protein Extraction and Western Blotting

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Total protein was extracted with RIPA buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China, P0013B) supplemented with 10 mM PMSF (Beyotime, ST505). Protein concentrations were calculated by the BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA, A101-01). Protein samples in equal amounts were loaded onto a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. After electrophoresis, proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane, blocked with 5% skim milk, and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, including anti-β-Actin (1:5000, Easybio, BE0033-100) and anti-Tgm2 (1:2000, Abcam, ab2386). Then membranes were washed in TBST and incubated with the secondary antibodies at room temperature for 2 h. Finally, the immunoreactive bands were detected with the chemiluminescence reagent (ECL, 34580).
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2

High-Content Screening of Cellular Markers

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Cells were seeded in Greiner 96‐well microtiter plates (Greiner Bio‐One), fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, and then incubated in 0.5% Triton X‐100 in PBS for 10 min at room temperature as previously reported 7. After the cells were blocked in 5% fetal bovine serum/TPBS for 1 h at room temperature, they were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies, including mouse anti‐TG2 (1 : 200, ab2386; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti‐nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) (1 : 400, ab62352; Abcam), mouse anti‐Ki67 (1 : 200, 350502; BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), or control rabbit/mouse IgG. The cells were then washed and stained with fluorochrome (FITC/TRITC)‐conjugated secondary antibodies (1 : 500; Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA) for 20 min at room temperature. Cell nuclei were visualized using DAPI (1 : 2000; Wako Industries). Cellular fluorescence signals were detected using an ImageXpressMICRO High‐Content Screening System (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Morphological analysis was performed using the ‘Multi‐Wavelength Cell Scoring Application Module’ in MetaXpress Image Analysis software (Molecular Devices).
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3

Protein Expression Analysis in Neurons

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Protein lysates from Scr and shRNA TG2 expressing neurons were collected with RIPA buffer supplemented with protease inhibitors 6 days after transduction. Protein concentration of the samples was determined by BCA assay. Samples were diluted in collection buffer and 5× reducing stop buffer, boiled and resolved in a 12% SDS-PAGE gel. The proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in tris buffered saline with Tween20 (TBS-T) (20 mM Tris base, 137 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20) for one hour at room temperature. After blocking, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies against serpinE1 (1:1,000, ABclonal (www.abclonal.com), A6211), vinculin (1:1,000, Bioss Antibodies (www.biossusa.com), bs-6640R), phospho (pY397) focal adhesion kinase (FAK) (1:1,000, Bioss Antibodies, bs-3159R), TG2 (clone CUB7402, 1:5000, Abcam (www.abcam.com), ab2386, or TGMO1, 1:5000 rat monoclonal antibody (Song et al., 2013)), tubulin (1:5000, Cell Signaling Technology (www.cellsignal.com), 2125S) or GAPDH (1:5,000, MilliporeSigma (www.emdmillipore.com), MAB374) in blocking buffer. Membranes were later washed three times with TBS-T and incubated at room temperature for one hour with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody. The membranes were washed with TBS-T and visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence reaction.
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Quantitative Western Blot Analysis

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rotein contents were extracted from cells using radio immunoprecipitation lysis buffer (#89901; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) containing proteinase and phosphatase inhibitors (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and the concentration was determined using a BCA protein assay kit (#P0011; Beyotime, Shanghai, China). After separated by SDS-PAGE, protein samples were transferred to the PVDF membrane (#GVWP02500; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA). GAPDH was used as a loading reference. The membrane was subsequently incubated with primary antibodies against TGM2 (#ab2386; 1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; #ab229126; 1:500, Abcam), osteocalcin (OCN; #ab93876; 1:1000, Abcam), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2; #ab236639; 1:1000, Abcam) at 4 °C overnight followed by further incubation with secondary antibodies. An enhanced chemiluminescence system (Kodak, Rochester, USA) was applied to visualize the signals on the membrane. ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, USA) was used analyze the signal intensity of the blots.
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of TGM2

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Immunohistochemistry for the target molecules was performed on paraffin sections using a primary antibody recognizing TGM2 (1:200; ab2386, Abcam). The semi-quantitative Remmele scoring system was used to score the immunohistochemical staining.
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