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9 protocols using dm2500 confocal microscope

1

Quantifying Apoptosis in Frozen Liver Tissue

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Apoptotic cells in frozen liver-tissue samples (−80°C; O.C.T.-included; 14-months-old mice, n = 3) were detected by TUNEL staining, using the In Situ Death Detection Kit (Roche, 1 684 795). Images were acquired with a Leica DM2500 confocal microscope.
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2

Embryonic Tissue Cryosectioning and Immunostaining

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Embryos were fixed by washing 8 times with Dent’s fixative (80% methanol/20% DMSO) before overnight storage at −20°C. Processing for cryo-sectioning was as previously described (Dush et al., 2013 (link)). Sections were post-fixed with 4% PFA [100 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 4% paraformaldehyde] for 2 min, washed with PBT, and blocked for 1 hour (Reed et al., 2009 (link)). Immunohistochemical staining was performed overnight at 4°C with blocking buffer containing the following primary antibodies: anti-integrin [Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB), created by the NICHD of the NIH and maintained at The University of Iowa; 8C8, 1:1000],, anti-mCherry (Clontech, 632543; 1:1000), phospho-histone H3 (Millipore, 06-570; 1:500), or GFP (ThermoFisher, A6455 1:1000). Sections were washed with PBT and secondary antibody staining was performed as described (Davis et al., 2017 (link); Dush et al., 2013 (link)). Sections were again washed with PBT and PBS before staining with Topro-3 (ThermoFisher, T3604, 1:1000) in PBS for 5 minutes. Final slides were washed with PBS and mounted with Prolong Gold (ThermoFisher, P36930), cured overnight in the dark, and visualized with a Leica DM 2500 confocal microscope. At least 3 embryos were analyzed for each stage and experimental condition.
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3

Cytochrome C and Filipin Staining

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Cultured PMH were fixed for 15 min with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized and blocked for 15 min with 0.2% saponin dissolved in 1% BSA-fatty acid free in PBS commercial buffer. Cytochrome C (BD Pharmingen, 556432) primary antibody was incubated overnight in BSA 1% followed by a secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature in BSA 0.1%. Filipin (Sigma-Aldrich) was added at 0.33 mg/ml during the secondary antibody incubation and the following steps were performed in the dark. Stained samples were mounted in Fluoromont (Sigma-Aldrich), and digital images were taken in a Leica DM2500 confocal microscope.
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4

Immunofluorescence Analysis of nNOS Expression

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Cells in 24-well plate were washed with PBS and fixed with paraformaldehyde 4% 10 min at RT and washed 3 times in PBS. Fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich), washed, and blocked in PBS/5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 40 min at RT. Cells were then incubated in PBS/1% BSA/0.1% saponin with a goat polyclonal anti-nNOS antibody (Ab1376, Abcam, 1:500), overnight at RT; washed in PBS/1%BSA/0.1% saponin; and incubated for 1 h with secondary antibody: Donkey anti-goat (Alexafluor 594 conjugate, Life Technologies, 1:500) and with DAPI (1:5000, Sigma). Fixed cells were then thoroughly washed in PBS/1% BSA/0.1% saponin and then in PBS and mounted in Fluoromount (Southern Biotech). Images were acquired with Leica DM2500 confocal microscope using × 63 objective.
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5

Immunofluorescent Imaging of Capan1 Cells

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Capan1 cells grown on 4-well chamber slides (Millipore) were fixed with 4% PFA for 15 min at RT, permeabilized and washed with 0.1 % Triton X-100 in PBS, and incubated with primary antibodies and rhodamine-phalloidin in PBS, 3% BSA, 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 h at RT. Cells were washed with 0.1% Triton X-100, incubated with secondary antibodies in PBS, 3% BSA, 0.1% Triton X-100 for 30 min at RT. Slides were covered with Prolong anti-fade medium plus DAPI and photographed with a Leica DM 2500 confocal microscope.
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6

Immunofluorescent Staining of Mouse Hepatocytes

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Cultured mouse hepatocytes were fixed for 15min with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized and blocked for 15min with 0.2% saponin dissolved in 1% BSA-fatty acid free (FAF) in PBS commercial buffer. Tom20 (Santa Cruz) primary antibody was incubated overnight in BSA 1% followed by a secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature in BSA 0.1%. Filipin (Sigma) was added at 0.33 mg/ml during the secondary antibody incubation and the following steps were performed in the dark. Stained samples were embedded in fluoromount (Sigma) and digital images were taken in a Leica DM2500 confocal microscope.
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mouse Hippocampus

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Mice were perfused with fresh 1× PBS and brains were extracted and subsequently fixed in a glass vial of 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 h. After fixing, a Leica VT1000 S vibratome was used to partition the tissue into 50 μm coronal sections and stored chronologically in a specimen plate with PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide. Coronal brain sections including the hippocampus underwent immunohistochemistry as previously described [46 (link), 48 (link)] with the appropriate antibodies. Rbbp7 and AT8 images were taken at a resolution of x = 512, y = 512, and z = 1 using a 60× oil immersion objective and tau acetylation, p300 and GFP images were taken at a resolution of x = 1024, y = 1024, and z = 1 using a 40× oil immersion objective. A zoom of 1.5 was used and images were taken with the Leica DM2500 confocal microscope. Quantification was performed by taking signal area and intensity using Image J software. To quantify AT8- and AT100-positive cell counts, images from all animals were taken with a Zeiss Axio Imager A1 using a 5× objective. Images were photomerged to rebuild the image, and AT8- and AT100-positive cells numbers were obtained using imageJ. The experimenter was blinded to the group allocation.
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8

Raman Spectroscopy of Microstructures

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An InVia Basis Raman Microscope manufactured by Renishaw (Gloucestershire, UK) was used to measure the Raman spectra). This device had a Leica DM 2500 confocal microscope (Boston, MA, USA) with a resolution of up to 2 M. The excitation source was a laser with a 514 nm wavelength and 20 mW output. We used 0.5 mW output, 10s measuring time, and 5 accumulation spectra for our test samples. The microstructure was recorded using a lens with 50× magnification. The track length was 2 M, and the test samples were measured in the range of 500 to 1600 cm−1.
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9

Raman Spectroscopy of Samples

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Raman spectra were measured using an InVia Basis Raman microscope, made by the Renishaw Company, Gloucestershire, UK. This device is equipped with a Leica DM 2500 confocal microscope, Boston, MA, USA, with resolution up to 2 m. A laser with a wavelength of 514 nm and output power of 20 mW was chosen as the excitation source. The samples were measured at the power of 0.5 mW, the measured time was 10 s, and there were 5 accumulations of the spectrum. For micro-measurement purposes, a microscope lens with a magnification capacity of 50× was used. The measuring track was approximately 2 m. The samples were measured in the range of 500–1600 cm−1.
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