β farnesene

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

β-farnesene is a natural volatile organic compound. It is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon that can be found in various plant species. As a lab equipment product, its core function is to serve as a chemical standard for analytical applications.

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Close spelling variants of this product

(E)-β-farnesene (3 citations) Trans β-Farnesene (2 citations) Farnesene (10 citations)

8 protocols using β farnesene

Comprehensive Analysis of Volatile Compounds

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The reagents employed were of pure analytical grade. Acetic acid (99%), ethanol (96%) β-caryophyllene (80%), β-myrcene (90%), camphene (95%), α-pinene (98%), borneol (97%), 2-methylbutanal (95%), naphthalene (98%), p-cymene (99%), α-linalool (97%), β-farnesene (90%), β-pinene (99%), limonene (97%), 1,8-cineole (99%), octadecane (99%), γ-terpinene (97%), β-farnesene (90%), naphthalene (99%) and isobutyl acetate (<99.9%), used as internal standards, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Ethyl acetate (99.5%), butanoic acid (99%), propanoic acid (99.5%), pentanoic acid (99%), butan-1-ol (99%), butan-2-ol (99.5%), heptan-2-ol (99%), heptan-2-one (98%), (E)-2-heptenal (98%), hexanal (98%), hexan-1-ol (98%), (E)-2-hexenal (97%), 2-methyl-butan-1-ol (99.5%), 3-methyl-butan-1-ol (99.5%), 4-methyl-pentan-2-one (99%), nonanal (95%), octanal (98%), pentanal (98%), octane (99%), 1-penten-3-one (98%) and ethyl propanoate (99%) were purchased from Fluka (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands).
Ethyl butanoate (98%), heptanal (95%), (E)-3-hexen-1-ol (98%), ethyl 2-methylbutanoate (99%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (99%), octan-3-one (97%), 1-octen-3-one (50%) and pentan-3-one (99.5%) were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).

Díaz-Montaña E.J., Aparicio-Ruiz R, & Morales M.T. (2023). Effect of Flavorization on Virgin Olive Oil Oxidation and Volatile Profile. Antioxidants, 12(2), 242.

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Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling of Extracts

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All the chemicals and reagents involved in the extraction processes, total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity experiments and the chemical standards (1-hexanol, 2-Thujene, 3-octanone, 5-Amino-1-ethylprazole, Allylbenzene, Camphene, Caryophyllene oxide, Decanoic acid, Docosane, Germacrene D, Hexadecane, HexaDecanoic acid, Lavandulol, Limonene, Linalool, Linalool acetate, Nerol, Nerolidol, Ninanal, TetraDecanoic acid, Tricosane, α-Copaene, α-Humulene, α-Ter-pinene, β-Bourbonene, β-Caryophyllene, β-Copaene, β-Cubenene, β-Farnesene, β-Gurjunene, β-Myrcene, β-Pinene) used in the identification of phenolic and aromatic compounds from the extracts were acquired from Sigma Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Stegăruș D.I., Lengyel E., Apostolescu G.F., Botoran O.R, & Tanase C. (2021). Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activity of Three Stachys Species (Lamiaceae) from Romania. Plants, 10(12), 2710.

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Extraction and Characterization of Essential Oils

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Bornyl acetate (99%), camphene (95%), camphor (96%), carvarol (98%), (−)-carveol (95%), (+)-carvone (96%), β-caryophyllene (98.5%), caryophyllene oxide (95%), β-citronellal (95%), citral (95%), 1,8-cineole (99%), p-cymene (99%), decyl chloroformate (97%), dodecanoic acid (98%), β-farnesene (90%), geranyl acetate (97%), geraniol (98%), isopulegol (98%), linalool (97%), limonene (97%), limonene oxide (97%), methyl linolenate (99%), myrcene (90%), myristic acid (99%), palmitic acid (99%), α-phellandrene (85%), α-pinene (98%), pivalic acid (99%), sabinene (75%), α-terpineol (90%), γ-terpinene (97%), 4-terpineol (95%), terpinolene (90%), and tymol (99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Achillea millefolium L. flowers, Citrus aurantium L. fruits, Leptospermum petersonii F. M. Bailey leaves, Ruta graveolens L. leaves, and Thymus vulgaris L. leaves were collected from a local store in Chonju, Korea. Sample specimens were authenticated by Jeongmoon Kim at Chonbuk National University, Korea. Essential oils of the five plants were obtained by steam distillation extraction, and finally dried over Na₂SO₄ to extract the pure essential oils (Table 1).

Park J.H., Jeon Y.J., Lee C.H., Chung N, & Lee H.S. (2017). Insecticidal toxicities of carvacrol and thymol derived from Thymus vulgaris Lin. against Pochazia shantungensis Chou & Lu., newly recorded pest. Scientific Reports, 7, 40902.

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Extraction and Characterization of Terpenes

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PEG 6000, MeSA (≥98%), benzyl alcohol (≥99%), phenethyl alcohol (≥99%), β-farnesene (≥95%), nerolidol (≥98%), DAB, NBT, and ABA ( ≥ 98%) were obtained from Sigma (Shanghai, China).

Jin J., Zhao M., Gao T., Jing T., Zhang N., Wang J., Zhang X., Huang J., Schwab W, & Song C. (2021). Amplification of early drought responses caused by volatile cues emitted from neighboring tea plants. Horticulture Research, 8, 243.

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Compound Identification via Retention and Mass Spectra

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Retention Index and Kovat Index analysis [11 ] were performed on all purified compounds and the mass spectra were compared with the NIST mass spectra database. Commercial standards were purchased for putatively identified constituents and analyzed to provide unequivocal identification. Commercial standards α-terpineol, D-limonene, and β-farnesene were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and were injected and compared with retention time and mass spectra data of purified compounds for identification.

Cantrell C.L., Ali A, & Jones A.M. (2018). Isolation and identification of mosquito biting deterrents from the North American mosquito repelling folk remedy plant, Matricaria discoidea DC.. PLoS ONE, 13(10), e0206594.

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Detailed Volatile Organic Compound Analysis

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All VOC standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States): 1-penten-3-ol, 1-penten-3-one, 3-pentanone, α-caryophyllene, α-farnesene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-farnesene, β-ionone, benzaldehyde, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, eugenol, hexyl acetate, jasmone, limonene, linalool, methyl jasmonate, methyl salicylate, ocimene, trans-2-hexen-1-al. All VOC standards were diluted in 100% methanol.

Body M.J., Neer W.C., Vore C., Lin C.H., Vu D.C., Schultz J.C., Cocroft R.B, & Appel H.M. (2019). Caterpillar Chewing Vibrations Cause Changes in Plant Hormones and Volatile Emissions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 810.

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Sesquiterpenoid Quantification via GC-MS

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The fresh samples were ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried for 72 h at −50°C. Fifty milligrams powder was suspended in 4 mL chromatographic-grade hexane in 10 mL glass tube with 100 μL trans-farnesol (77.6 μg/mL) as the internal standards, vigorously vortexed for 1 min and extracted for 40 min in an ultrasonic processor (JYD-650; Shanghai Zhisun Instrument Co. Ltd, China). The samples were centrifuged at 4,000 g for 10 min. The supernatants were filtered through 0.25-μm-pore-size filters, then concentrated and redissolved in 200 μL chloroform. GC-MS analysis was performed according to the methods described previously (Zhang et al., 2009 (link)). Three biological repeats were measured for each sample. Germacrene D was purchased from ChemFaces. B-caryophyllene and β-farnesene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Fu X., Shi P., He Q., Shen Q., Tang Y., Pan Q., Ma Y., Yan T., Chen M., Hao X., Liu P., Li L., Wang Y., Sun X, & Tang K. (2017). AaPDR3, a PDR Transporter 3, Is Involved in Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene Transport in Artemisia annua. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 723.

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Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Tea

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Five-year-old tea plants of Camellia sinensis cv. “Shu Cha Zao” grown at the experimental farm of Anhui Agricultural University in Hefei, China, were used in this study. Standards of geranyl diphosphate (GDP), farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), β-myrcene, β-ocimene, linalool, geraniol, α-citral, β-citral, methyl geranate, nerol, D-limonene, trans-linalool oxide (furanoid), neryl acetate, L-terpineol, α-terpinen, geranyl acetone, thymol, (Z)-nerolidol, α-farnesene, β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, humulene, α-ionone, β-ionone, (E)-γ-bisabolene, cadinol and caryophyllene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Jin J., Zhang S., Zhao M., Jing T., Zhang N., Wang J., Wu B, & Song C. (2020). Scenarios of Genes-to-Terpenoids Network Led to the Identification of a Novel α/β-Farnesene/β-Ocimene Synthase in Camellia sinensis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(2), 655.

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