FNC with a purity of 98.5% and 3TC with a purity of 99.6%, were synthesized by Dr. Jun-biao Chang, Zhengzhou University, China. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), phytohemagglutinin (PHA-p), interleukin-2 (IL-2), Fc-specific anti-mouse IgG, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG and zidovudine (AZT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich company. Raltegravir (RAL) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals. Nevirapine (NVP) was purchased from US Pharmacopeia. Enfuvirtide (T-20) was purchased from Roche Inc. RPMI-1640 media and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Invitrogen, USA. FBS was heated at 56°C, 30 min to inactivate complements. Indinavir (IDV) was kindly gifted by Dr. Yu-Ye Li. Ficoll-Hypaque was purchased from Haoyang Biotechnonlogy Inc. Rabbit anti-p24 polyclonal antibody and mouse anti-p24 monoclonal antibody were prepared in our laboratory. Custom primers and fluorophore-labeled probes were synthesized by Invitrogen.
Zidovudine azt
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Sao Tome and Principe, United States
Zidovudine (AZT) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It functions by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which is essential for the replication of the HIV virus.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Stavudine d4t, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Propofol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Horseradish peroxidase hrp labeled goat anti rabbit igg, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Raltegravir ral, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions)
Rpmi 1640 media, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Enfuvirtide t 20, by Roche (1 mentions)
Lamivudine 3tc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ym 53403, by Gilead Sciences (1 mentions)
Free fatty acid kit, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Udpga, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Magnesium chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Coomassie plus the better bradford assay reagent, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Linoleic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Supersome, by Corning (1 mentions)
Chenodeoxycholic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trifluoperazine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Codeine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oxazepam, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
7 protocols using zidovudine azt
1
Synthesis and Characterization of Antiviral Compounds
2
Zidovudine-Dyed Mosquito Virus Study
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Mosquitoes were fed with 5 mg/ml of Zidovudine (AZT, Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.5 % blue dye (Blue Dye 1, Merk) in their 20% sucrose solution for 2 days before and for 7 days after being infected by virus spiked bloodmeals.
3
Dissolution and Storage of NRTI Drugs
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NRTI drugs: zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and stavudine (D4T) were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich). NRTIs were dissolved in PBS to a final concentration of AZT (8 mg/ ml), 3TC (4 mg/ml) and D4T (0.8 mg/ml) and stored at −20 °C.
4
Synthesis of Antiviral Compounds
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BIC, DTG, RAL, EVG, darunavir (DRV), atazanavir (ATV), tenofovir (TFV), TAF, FTC, rilpivirine (RPV), 2′-C-methyladenosine (2′-CMeA), 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyguanosine (2′-FDG), rupintrivir, and YM-53403 were synthesized at Gilead Sciences, Inc. Ribavirin (RBV) (catalog number R-9644), stavudine (d4T) (catalog number D-1413), and zidovudine (AZT) (catalog number A-2169) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). EFV was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (catalog number E425000; North York, Ontario, Canada).
5
Flavonoid Inhibition of HIV Infection
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The structures of the flavonoids used in this study, Myricetin, Quercetin, and Pinocembrin, are shown in Fig. 1 . All were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, USA). They were prepared in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO) at concentration of 0.01–100 µM and added to the cultured cells (TZM-bl, HeLa, H9, and PBMC). The positive control treatment was Zidovudine (AZT) (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, USA). The AZT concentration was established at 60 µM after cytotoxicity assay on TZM-bl, HeLa, PBMC, and H9 cells (0.06 µM–6000 µM) and literature consultation. Negative controls included untreated cells and cells treated with vehicle alone (1% DMSO, v/v; Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, USA).
6
Enzymatic Glucuronidation Assay Protocol
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The materials and sources used in this study are as follows: rUGT 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, and 2B7 Supersomes (rUGT microsomes) acquired from Corning, Inc. Estradiol (E2), estradiol-3-(β-d -glucuronide) (E2-3-Glu), 7-HFC, linoleic acid, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), oleic acid, propofol (PPF), propofol β-d -glucuronide (PPF-Glu), trifluoperazine (TFP), Trizma base, UDPGA, and zidovudine (AZT) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, Inc 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine β-d -glucuronide (AZT-Glu), 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine-methyl-d3 β-d -glucuronide (AZT-Glu-d3), 7-HFC-Glu, TFP N-β-d -glucuronide (TFP-Glu) were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc. Magnetic silica-coated beads from G-Biosciences were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Coomassie Plus—The Better Bradford Assay Reagent and Pre-Diluted Protein Assay Standards: BSA set was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The Free Fatty Acid Kit was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, Inc.
7
In Vitro Metabolism of Cannabinoids
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THC, 11-OH-THC, THC-COOH, THC-COO-Gluc, CBD, 7-OH-CBD, and CBN were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) [n = 50, mixed gender (21 female and 29 male), race (42 Caucasian, 4 Hispanic, 2 African American, and 2 Asian), and age (5–77 years)] and pooled human kidney microsomes (HKMs) [n = 8, mixed gender (50% each), race (3 African American, 3 Caucasian, and 2 Hispanic), and age (42–70 years)] were obtained from Sekisui Xenotech, LLC (Lenexa, KS). β-estradiol, chenodeoxycholic acid, trifluoperazine, serotonin, propofol, codeine, zidovudine (AZT), nicotine, oxazepam, dihydroexemestane, ketoconazole, diclofenac, acetaminophen, and furosemide were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Optima grade methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Ultra-low-binding microcentrifuge tubes, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline, UDPGA, alamethacin, MgCl2, and geneticin (G418) were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA). BCA protein assays were purchased from Pierce (Rockford, IL), premium grade FBS was purchased from Seradigm (Radnor, PA), and ChromatoPur bovine serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from MB Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA).
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