The performance of the hybrid system was monitored through two main output parameters: DOC and UV 254 nm absorbance removal. Over the duration of the experiment, 50 mL samples were collected at designated time intervals and filtered through 0.45 μm membrane filters. The DOC concentration of the samples was measured using a Shimadzu TOC V-CSH analyser (Tokyo, Japan). The presence of aromatic organic constituents in the water sample was indicated by measuring the absorption of the filtered sample at a wavelength of 254 nm against organic-free water as blank (UV254-UV absorbing, Method 10054, HACH, DR 5000 spectrophotometer, Loveland, CO, USA). Within the duration of the experiments, the quality of the secondary effluent varied only slightly with an average DOC concentration of 9.5 ± 0.5 mg/L and the UV absorbance of 0.16 ± 0.01 cm−1.
Toc 5 csh analyser
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
The TOC V-CSH analyser is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the total organic carbon (TOC) content in various liquid samples. It provides a reliable and accurate method for determining the organic carbon concentration in water, wastewater, and other liquid media. The core function of the TOC V-CSH analyser is to quantify the amount of organic carbon present in the sample through combustion and detection of the resulting carbon dioxide.
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6 protocols using toc 5 csh analyser
1
Monitoring Hybrid System Performance
2
Determination of DOC and DIC concentrations
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A TOC-VCSH analyser (Shimadzu) was used for determination of DOC and DIC concentrations. Calibration was done with hydrogen-phtalate (Shimadzu) and NaHCO 3 /Na 2 CO 3 standard solutions, respectively, with an accuracy of 0.02 mgC L -1 (Louis et al., 2009; Oursel et al., 2013) . The analytical validity of the method was confirmed by measuring the certified reference material MISSIPPI-03 (Environment Canada).
3
Hybrid Photocatalytic System Performance
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The performance of the hybrid system was monitored through three main output parameters: TOC, turbidity and UV 254 nm absorbance removal. Over the duration of the experiment, 50 mL samples were collected at designated time intervals and filtered through 0.45 μm membrane filters. The TOC concentration of the samples was measured using a Shimadzu TOC V-CSH analyser. The presence of aromatic organic constituents in the water sample was indicated by measuring the absorption of the filtered sample at a wavelength of 254 nm against organic-free water as blank (UV254- UV absorbing, Method 10054, HACH). Within the duration of the experiments, the quality of the HA feed solution varied only slightly with an average TOC concentration of 7 ± 0.2 mg/L and the UV absorbance of 0.68 ± 0.2 cm−1. The effectiveness of the ceramic membrane process for the separation of photocatalysts was assessed by water turbidity measurements. The turbidity was measured using a HACH 2100 portable turbid meter. The initial suspension and permeate were collected and analysed for turbidity. The result shows that the ceramic membrane is very effective for the separation of TiO2 photocatalysts under different NaCl and TiO2 concentrations which were less than 0.15 NTU.
4
Water Purification Process Evaluation
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Water samples were withdrawn from two potabilization plants located in the Piedmont region (North Italy) which treat the same raw water. One sample (labelled as DSB) was taken at the outlet of the dynamic separation basins for the removal of slurry from clarified waters (in which coagulant, hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide solutions are dosed), before entering the activated carbon beds. The other sample (labelled as CB) was taken at the outlet of a clarification basin (in which coagulant only is added), before entering the activated carbon beds. The water samples were characterized for pH and total organic carbon (TOC). TOC was determined using a Shimadzu TOC-V-CSH analyser, by the differential method, i.e. analysing both total carbon (TC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) through separate measurements and calculating TOC by subtracting TIC from TC.
5
Spectrophotometric Determination of H2S
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H 2 S was determined spectrophotometrically, after trapping with Zn acetate, as reported in Grasshoff et al. (1999) . The reproducibility of the method was 5%.
Dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic (DOC) carbon were determined using the Shimadzu TOC V-CSH analyser as reported in De Vittor et al. (2016) . For DIC, samples were injected into the instrument port and directly acidified with phosphoric acid (25%). For DOC analysis, water samples were first acidified (automatically into an instrument syringe, 2% -6 M HCl) and after CO 2 elimination, the concentration was determined using a high temperature catalytic method (Sugimura and Suzuki, 1988) . Analyses showed a variation coefficient b 2%. The reproducibility of the method was between 1.5 and 3%.
Dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic (DOC) carbon were determined using the Shimadzu TOC V-CSH analyser as reported in De Vittor et al. (2016) . For DIC, samples were injected into the instrument port and directly acidified with phosphoric acid (25%). For DOC analysis, water samples were first acidified (automatically into an instrument syringe, 2% -6 M HCl) and after CO 2 elimination, the concentration was determined using a high temperature catalytic method (Sugimura and Suzuki, 1988) . Analyses showed a variation coefficient b 2%. The reproducibility of the method was between 1.5 and 3%.
6
Quantifying Organic and Inorganic Carbon in Sediments
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Total carbon contents were quantified from the sediments using a TOC-V CSH analyser (Shimadzu) coupled with an SSM-5000A module. The total and organic carbon contents were determined using a hightemperature (900 °C) catalytic oxidation method with CO 2 IR detection (Ammann et al., 2000 , Callahan et al., 2004) , calibrated using glucose (Analytical reagent grade, Fisher Scientific), with an accuracy of 0.1 mg C. For POC analysis, GFF filters were dried to a constant weight at 60 °C and then exposed to HCl fumes for 4 h to remove all the inorganic carbon (Lorrain et al., 2003) .
The particulate inorganic carbon contents were quantified from the sediments using the same analytical equipment as above after the addition of H 3 PO 4 (analytical reagent grade 85%, Fisher Scientific) at 200 °C followed by CO 2 IR detection, calibrated using NaHCO 3 /Na 2 CO 3 (Shimadzu), with an accuracy of 0.1 mg C. Then, the POC content was calculated as the difference between the total and inorganic carbon contents.
The particulate inorganic carbon contents were quantified from the sediments using the same analytical equipment as above after the addition of H 3 PO 4 (analytical reagent grade 85%, Fisher Scientific) at 200 °C followed by CO 2 IR detection, calibrated using NaHCO 3 /Na 2 CO 3 (Shimadzu), with an accuracy of 0.1 mg C. Then, the POC content was calculated as the difference between the total and inorganic carbon contents.
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