Sas software

Data are expressed as means ± SD. The statistical significance was assessed by using SAS software (1996) as previously described (Li et al., 2015 (link)). Correlation between the relative gene expression of immune molecules and NDV was performed using Pearson’s tau using SAS software (1996) , and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
The nucleotide sequences of both of anser_AvBD7 and anser_AvBD12 obtained in current study are available from GenBank under the accession numbers KR018386 (anser_AvBD7) and KR018387 (anser_AvBD12). The nucleotide sequences of anser_AvBD4, anser_AvBD16, TLR1, FASLG and iNOS are shown in detail in Supplementary Figure S2–S6 in the Supplementary Materials, due to nucleotide sequences of them are shorter than 200 bp.

Data on the parasitism, emergence, and egg-to-adult period of T. pretiosum were submitted to the Kolmogorov and Bartlett tests to verify the normality of their residuals and the homogeneity of their variances, respectively. The data that met these assumptions were then submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA). When there were two treatments, the Student’s t-test was used to compare different treatment conditions to each other, and when there were more than two treatments the Student-Newman-Keuls test was used (P < 0.05). When the data did not meet the requirements for ANOVA, the most adequate transformation was used, and if they still did not present normal residuals and homogeneous variances the data were then submitted to non-parametric tests. For the non-parametric tests, the Wilcoxon test was used to compare two treatments and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare three or more treatments (p < 0.05). All analyses were conducted using the SAS software²⁵ .
Survival curves were also constructed using survival data at specific ages, and were compared according to the Kaplan-Meyer methodology^{26 (link)} and analyzed using SAS software²⁵ .
The frequency data from the choice tests were analyzed using Proc FREQ²⁵ and interpreted by the chi-square (χ²) test, in which 1:1 was the null hypothesis assumed if the parasitoid had no preference for one host over the other.

GTPγS binding assays were performed in duplicate or triplicate, and the data were analyzed using SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Concentration response curves were calculated using nonlinear regression analysis to fit a sigmoid maximal effect model using SAS software (SAS Institute), and concentrations yielding half-maximal effects (EC₅₀) were determined from the curve. The EC₅₀ values of each drug are represented as the geometric mean and 95% confidence interval (CI). All data acquired in vivo are expressed as the arithmetic mean ± standard error (S.E.). The significance of changes in peripheral lymphocyte counts were analyzed by comparing the vehicle control and treated groups using Dunnett's multiple comparison test and the 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) values were calculated using the linear regression method with the lymphocyte number in the vehicle-treated group defined as 100%. Cumulative clinical scores of EAE model animals were analyzed by comparing the vehicle control and treated groups using Dunnett's multiple comparison test, and the differences in maximum clinical scores in EAE model animals between groups were analyzed using Steel's multiple comparison test. The differences in airway responses between control and ASP4058-treated or fingolimod-P-treated rats were analyzed using Student's t test or Dunnett's multiple comparison test, respectively.

The experimental data were analyzed by the general linear model procedure of SAS software (SAS Institute, 2003). When dietary therapy was significant (p<0.05), the mean values were compared by Duncan’s multiple comparison program (SAS Institute, 2003) of SAS software. The probability level of p< 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.