Tis65

The sample was specially designed to ensure that two independent electric field signals could be applied, and the electrode layers of the sample on the glass substrates were separated into two discrete regions with a nonconductive band by sculpting the nonconductive sections (Fig. 5e). Two independent square wave signals were applied to the sample, whose electric field strengths remained the same and the frequencies were adjustable; they were generated via two signal generators (AFG3022, Tektronix, USA) that passed the signal through the corresponding signal amplifiers (A600, FLC Electronics, USA). The POM textures were captured by a digital camera (DS-U3, Nikon, Japan) coupled with polarized optical microscopy (LVPOL 100, Nikon, Japan), while the reflection spectra were recorded by a fiber connected to a spectrometer (ULS2048, Avantes, the Netherlands, resolution: ~0.3 nm). The infrared photographs were collected by a thermal imager (TIS65, FLUKE, USA).

The chemical structure was determined by 400 MHz ¹H NMR (AVANCE III HD 400 MHz, Bruker, Fällanden, Switzerland) using CHCl₃-d and DMSO-d₆ as the solvent. The photophysical properties of samples in aqueous solution were confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-2550, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) and fluorescence spectrophotometer (F-4600, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The morphologies, sizes and size distributions of nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopes (TEM) (TECNAI G2 Spirit TWIN, FEI, Hillsboro, FL, USA) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Nano ZS90, Malvern Instruments Co, Malvern, UK) at 25 °C using a He-Ne laser (633 nm) as a light source. The temperature was monitored by IR thermal camera (TiS65, Fluke, Everett, WA, USA). The NIR laser (880 nm) used in this study was purchased from Beijing Laserwave Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. (LWIRL880-20W-F, Laserwave, Beijing, China).

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectra (EDX) were performed on a JEM-2100F transmission electron microscope (HITACHI, Japan). UV–Vis absorption spectra were collected by a UV-3600 Shimadzu UV–Vis spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed using a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrometer. The oxygen meter was utilized to measure oxygen concentration generation in solutions (JPBJ-606, INESA, and China). The temperature and thermal images were recorded on an infrared thermal imaging instrument (Fluke TiS65, USA). The Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was used to obtain the size of the synthesized nanosheet (Malvern Instruments Zetasizer Nano ZS90). The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images were acquired on the FV1200 microscope (Olympus, Japan).