Anhydrous cacl2

In a capillary-based microfluidic device, we employed ABC solution as the continuous phase, which was composed of PEG (4.6 wt %, Mn = 6000, Sigma-Aldrich), PVA (4.6 wt %, Mw = 13,000–23,000, 87–89% hydrolyzed, Sigma-Aldrich) and sodium alginate (2.7 wt %, Sigma-Aldrich). The nitrogen gas was used as the dispersed phase. High-precision syringe pump (LSP01-2A, LongerPump) and home-made gas pressure controller were used to inject ABC solution and nitrogen gas, respectively. The resultant jet wrapping the generated bubbles was collected in CaCl₂ solution (5 wt %, CaCl₂ anhydrous, powder, ≥97%, Sigma-Aldrich) to form solidified cavity-microfiber. A rotating collection roller collected solidified cavity-microfiber from the CaCl₂ solution. The collected cavity-microfiber was dried at ambient temperature for more than 1 h to obtain the dehydrated cavity-microfiber with periodic spindle-knots and joints.

The reagents were as follows: Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM-F12; Gibco, USA); trypsin (Hyclone, USA); osteogenic and adipogenic kit (Cyagen, USA); mouse anti-human Ig-G of CD29-PE, CD44-PE, CD45-PE, and CD105-PE antibodies (BD Biosciences, USA); oil red O, alizarin red, hematoxylin-eosin (HE), sodium alginate, anhydrous CaCl₂, and sodium citrate (Sigma, USA); rabbit anti-mouse VEGF and CD31 monoclonal antibody and immunohistochemical kit (Boster, China).
The instruments were as follows: Cell incubator and automatic microplate reader (Thermo, USA), ultrapure water preparation instrument (Millipore, USA), high-speed centrifuge and flow cytometry (Beckman, USA), disposable plastic equipment and blood cell counts (Coning, USA), inverted phase contrast microscope and fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan), and so forth.

In all experiments, Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ cm) was used, and it is further referred to as “water”. Chloroform (spectroscopic grade, >99%), methanol (spectroscopic grade, >99.9%), anhydrous CaCl₂, and chondroitin sulfate from shark cartilage (CS) were purchased from Sigma. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was purchased from Avanti. Every chemical was used without further purification.

Standards of gallic acid (99%), 3-hydroxytyrosol (99.5%), (−)- gallocatechin (≥98%), caftaric acid (≥97%), (−)-epigallocatechin (≥95%), (+)-catechin (≥99%), (−)-epicatechin (≥95%), (−)- epigallocatechin gallate (≥95%), caffeic acid (99%), syringic acid (≥95%), coumaric acid (99%), ferulic acid (≥99%), piceatannol (99%), trans-resveratrol (≥99%), quercetin hydrate (95%), cinnamic acid (99%), quercetin 3-b-D-glucoside (≥90%), kaempferol-3-glucoside (≥99%) and malvidin-3-O- glucoside chloride (≥95%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. The standard of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol (tyrosol) (≥99.5%) was obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Stock solutions of the above mentioned compounds were prepared in methanol at concentration levels of 1000 µgm l⁻¹. Calibration standards were dissolved in the initial mobile phase of each method (LMWP or anthocyanins, respectively). HPLC-grade Acetonitrile (MeCN) and formic acid (FA) were acquired from Mallinckrodt Baker (Inc. Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Primary-secondary amine (PSA) and octa- decylsilane (C₁₈) were both obtained from Waters (Milford, MA, USA). Reagent grade NaCl, anhydrous Na₂CO₃, anhydrous MgSO₄ and anhydrous CaCl₂ were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).

The water vapor permeability (WVP) (g/Pa day m) and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) (g/m² day) were evaluated following the ASTM E96-00 standard procedure. For that, equilibrated test cups containing a desiccant (15 g of anhydrous CaCl₂ (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA), previously dried at 105 °C) were sealed with the biocomposite films. Then, the cups were put in a container at 23 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 5% RH, the weight differences being checked every 2 h for 48 h. The slope of a linear regression of the weight increase versus time was used to determine the gradient [15 (link)]. The WVTR and WVP were calculated using Equations (2) and (3): $WVTR=\frac{\frac{\Delta m}{\Delta T}}{A},$
where ∆m is the weight change of the test cups (g), T is the test time (h), and A is the test area (m²).
$WVP=\frac{WVTR}{\Delta p}=\frac{WVTR}{p\times \left(R{H}_1-R{H}_2\right)}\times e,$
where p is the water vapor pressure at 23 °C (Pa), RH₁ is the RH of the container (50%), RH₂ is the RH inside the cups (0%), and e is the thickness (m) of the biocomposite films.

Digitonin, succinate, mannitol, MES, anhydrous CaCl₂, H₃BO₃, sucrose, KH₂PO₄, RuR and Evans blue were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Calcium Green-5N was purchased from Invitrogen. All chemicals used for metabolomic analysis were HPLC grade.

All chemicals for the synthesis of ternary and quaternary metal fluorides are commercially available and need no drying or further processing. The 19.05 M HF-solution was prepared by dissolving anhydrous HF in ethanol. The molar concentration of the sols refers to the total metal concentration of 0.4 M in the corresponding complex metal fluoride compound.
The stoichiometric fluoride compounds CaAl₂F₈, CaAlF₅, LiMgF₃, and LiMgAlF₆ were prepared as follows: Anhydrous CaCl₂ ( $\ge$ 97%, Sigma-Aldrich), MgCl₂ ( $\ge$ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany), and LiOMe (95%, Strem Chemicals, Kehl, Germany), respectively, were dissolved in 50 mL ethanol (99.8%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany). Afterwards, Al(OⁱPr)₃ ( $\ge$ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) was suspended into the solution. Under vigorous stirring at ambient conditions, the required amount of HF-solution was added dropwise to the suspension. In case of Ca₂AlF₇, the addition of 5 mol% tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) after fluorination turns an opaque sol into a transparent Ca₂AlF₇ sol. Apparently, the presence of metal chloride in the sol and the addition of TMOS after fluorination ensures a higher electrostatic repulsion of the nanoparticles than without the addition of TMOS which increases the particle stabilization. The sols were dried under vacuum at 80 °C to obtain the corresponding xerogels.