Anhydrous ethanol

All the chemicals were used as received from the manufacturer. For the preparation of the HA materials, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO₃)·4H₂O, AR), triethyl phosphate (P(OC₂H₅)₃, AR), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH₄)₂HPO₄, AR), Pluronic F127, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and 10× concentrated phosphate buffered saline (10× PBS) all came from Sigma-Aldrich, while anhydrous ethanol was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Protein adsorption and cell culture studies required bovine serum albumin (BSA), vitronectin, BCA^TM Protein Assay Kit, hexamethyldisilane (HMDS), and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS, AR) all from Sigma-Aldrich; Minimum Essential Media (MEM), Glutamax, Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA), Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution (Anti-Anti), and TrypLE Express were purchased from Invitrogen; MTS reagent from Promega, and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) from SAFC Biosciences (Hampshire, England). The water used in all experiments was passed through a Millipore (Boston, MA, USA) Milli Q ultrapure water purification system and had a resistivity higher than 18.2 MΩcm.

The organosolv lignin (L1) was
supplied by Chemical Point UG (Deisenhofen, Germany) and used without
any pretreatment. The softwood lignin (L2) and wheat
straw lignin (L3) were supplied by BOC Sciences and used
without pretreatment. The olive stone lignin (L4) was
sourced from olive stone from the Mediterranean region and prepared
as outlined in previous studies^{41 (link),42 (link)} via an organosolv process
in a steam explosion reactor at 180 °C without an acid catalyst.
The pretreated solid was separated from the liquor by vacuum filtration
and recovered from the liquor by centrifugation after ethanol removal
in a rotary evaporator. The lignin was finally air-dried and stored
at room temperature for 18 months.
Silicon <100> p-type
wafers
and with a native oxide (NO) layer and silicon wafers with a thermal
oxide layer (200 nm) were used as substrates. Ni(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (nickel hydrate hexahydrate), ACS reagent,
≥98%), tetrahydrofuran (THF) (inhibitor free), anhydrous ethanol,
and acetone (MERCK, Ireland) were high-performance liquid chromatography
grade and used as received. Deionized water was used where necessary.

The mussel sample was purchased from the local Changxing market in Dalian and stored in a −80 °C freezer pending further analysis.
Cyclohexanone (>99.5%), methyl tertiary butyl ether (≥99.9%, HPLC gradient grade), and acetone (99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol (≥99.9%, HPLC gradient grade), acetonitrile (≥99.9%, HPLC gradient grade), formic acid (98%, HPLC gradient grade), isopropyl alcohol (99.9%, HPLC gradient grade), and anhydrous ethanol (>99.9%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Tocopherol standards (α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol, purity>98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (Nanjing, China). Brassicasterol, campesterol, and β-sitosterol standards (purity≥98%) were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (Nanjing, China). N-hexane, methanol, anhydrous ethanol, acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were obtained from Merck (Nanjing, China). Trolox, AAPH, fluorescein, PBS and other solvents and reagents (analytical grade) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China).

Centrifuge tubes, masks, and safety glasses were purchased from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), formic acid (analytical reagent [AR]), anhydrous ethanol (AR), trifluoroacetic acid (AR), and acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Tryptone soybean agar and LB broth were purchased from Beijing Land Bridge Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). An ATL-032R digital shaker (Shanghai Chemstar Instruments Co., Ltd. China), centrifuge (Shanghai Boyu Instruments Co., Ltd.), and autoclave (Shanghai Boxun Industry & Commerce Co., Ltd.) were used. The MALDI-TOF MS system used an M-Discover 100 mass spectrometer (Zhuhai Meihua Medical Technology Co., Ltd., China) in linear positive mode with m/z range 2 to 20 kDa. Metabo Analyst 4.0 (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) was used for analysis (41 (link)).

Er₂O₃ (99.9%), Yb₂O₃ (99.9%), Tm₂O₃ (99.9%), Nd₂O₃ (99.9%), tantalum ethoxide (99.98%), 2-ethoxyethanol (99%) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Anhydrous ethanol (≤0.005% H₂O) was obtained from Merck. HCL PA-ACS-ISO (37wt%) were acquired from Panreac.