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60 protocols using axiocam mrm digital camera

1

Oligodendrocyte Dystroglycan Imaging Protocol

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Oligodendrocyte α- and β-dystroglycan images were obtained using a zeiss axiocam MRM digital camera and Zeiss Axioplan inverted epifluorescence microscope using 20× and 40× objectives, operating under the control of Axiovision software (Rel. 4.8; Carl Zeiss, Oberkocken, Germany). Oligodendrocyte dystrophin and MBP images were obtained using a Leica SP5 confocal microscope using 20× and 40× objectives, operating under Leica Application Suite AF software. The oligodendrocyte utrophin and all brain section images were obtained using a Leica TCS SP8 X Confocal Microscope using 20×, 40×, and 63× oil immersion objections, operating under Leica Application Suite X (LAS X) software.
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2

Visualizing Cellular Localization of GFP Fusion Proteins in P. tricornutum

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Nuclear transformation of P. tricornutum was performed as described previously (Kroth, 2007) . Cellular localization of GFP fusion proteins was analyzed with confocal laser scanning micro scope LSM 780 or LSM 510 META (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) using a Plan Apochromat 63 9 1.4 oil immersion Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) objective (Carl Zeiss) or an epifluorescence microscope Olympus BX51 (Olym pus Europe, Hamburg, Germany) equipped with a Zeiss AxioCam MRm digital camera (Carl Zeiss) and an Olympus PLN 940 objective (Olympus). Nucleic acids were stained with the dye Hoechst 33342 (Calbiochem ® ; Behring Diagnostics, La Jolla, CA, USA) to indicate the location of the nucleus, while MitoTracker ® Orange CM H 2 TMRos (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR, USA) showed the location of the mitochondria. Image processing was conducted using ZEN LITE and AXIOVISION REL. 4.7 (Carl Zeiss).
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3

Cisplatin Therapy in Rhabdomyosarcoma Mice

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Male C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD-WT or RD-HF-FoxF1). Mice were allowed to develop 10 mm tumors prior to cisplatin treatment. Tumor-bearing mice were I.P. injected with saline (control) or cisplatin (7 mg/kg body weight in saline). The mice were sacrificed and the tumor tissue was harvested 24 h after cisplatin treatment for further analysis. For immunoblotting, tumor tissues were homogenized in lysis buffer supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors, and analyzed by western blot as described previously [59 (link), 31 (link), 60 (link)]. Tumor tissues were also used to prepare paraffin sections for staining with FoxF1 (R&D Systems) and FANCD2 (Abcam) antibodies as described [51 (link)]. Antibody-antigen complexes were detected using either Alexa Fluor 594 or 488 conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen) followed by counter staining with DAPI (Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA). Fluorescence was detected using a Zeiss Axioplan 2 Imaging Universal Microscope with an Axiocam MRm digital camera (Axiovision Release 4.3) as described [61 (link)–64 (link)]. FoxF1+/− mice were previously generated by homologous recombination [23 (link), 24 (link)]. All animal studies were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation.
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4

Bright-field and DIC Microscopy for Imaging

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Bright-field microscopy was performed using a Nikon ECLIPSE E600 microscope equipped with a Keyence VB-7010 charge-coupled device (CCD) color camera system to acquire images with 20× and 40× water immersion lenses or a 100× oil immersion lens (Plan Fluor). Differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and a Zeiss Axio Imager M2 Upright microscope equipped with an AxioCam MRm digital camera were used to acquire images with a 100× oil immersion lens (Plan Apochromat) and Axiovision 4.8 software.
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5

Immunohistochemical and Flow Cytometry Analysis

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Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or used for immunohistochemical staining as described26 (link), 27 (link). Primary antibodies and detection systems are listed in Supplemental Material. For co-localization experiments, secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 or Alexa Fluor 594 (Invitrogen) were used as previously described28 (link), 29 (link). Slides were counterstained with DAPI (Vector Lab). Fluorescent images were obtained using a Zeiss Axioplan2 microscope equipped with an AxioCam MRm digital camera and AxioVision 4.3 Software (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Thornwood, NY). Flow cytometry was performed using cells isolated from yolk sacs and lungs as described27 (link), 30 (link). Antibodies used for flow cytometry are listed in Supplemental Materials. BrdU was injected i.p. into pregnant females 2 hr prior to embryo harvest. Annexin V kit was from eBioscience. Stained cells were separated using cell sorting (Five-laser FACSAria II, BD Biosciences). Purified cells were used for RNA preparation and qRT-PCR analysis.
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Fluorescence Microscopy of Spinal Cord

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Fluorescence microscopy was performed at room temperature on an Axio Imager Z.1 ApoTome Microscope, equipped with a Zeiss Axiocam MRm digital camera. Images were captured using Zeiss Axiovision 4.7 software; representative pictures were taken from different areas of the spinal cord using a Z stack mode with 20×/0,8 Zeiss Plan-APOCHROMAT objective. Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA) was used for primary image processing. For quantifications, pictures were captured on at least three transversal sections from five different animals. Six different areas (6,000 µm2) were analyzed from every picture. The total number of cells was counted manually as number of DAPI-stained nuclei. The number of positively labeled cells in the spinal cord was counted manually, as well. Values obtained are given as fraction of total cell number in the examined area (i.e., as percentage). Results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of values obtained from the analyzed areas. For statistical comparisons the unpaired two-tailed Student t-test was employed. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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7

Live-Cell Imaging of Nuclear Localization

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All cells used for live-cell imaging were grown in YPD liquid culture to an OD600 ∼0.5. Cells were harvested, washed once with SC medium, pelleted, and suspended in a small volume of SC medium to ∼106 cells/µl. Before imaging, 1.5 µl cell suspension was spotted onto a microscope slide coated with a 2% agarose pad. Epifluorescence images were acquired using an Axio Observer.Z1 microscope (Zeiss) equipped with an UPlanS-Apochromat 100×/1.40-NA oil objective lens (Zeiss) and an AxioCam MRm digital camera with a charge-coupled device (Zeiss). Images showing (a) Esc1-eGFP/Nop1-RFP in WT and deletion strains, (b) various Nup-eGFP fusions in WT, esc1Δ, and sir4Δ strains, and (c) GFP-Siz2 were collected in a single focal plane through the center of nuclei. Images showing (a) Sir4-eGFP/Sec63-RFP-T and (b) various eGFP/Tag-RFP-T combinations for colocalization were collected as 12 to 18 consecutive 0.2-µm stacks in the z axis. Images were saved using AxioVision software and rendered using ImageJ software (NIH) for display.
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8

Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Cultures

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Dissociated primary striatal neurons, or BV-2-derived microglia, were cultured on 35-mm glass-bottom dishes (MatTek, Ashland, MA) and were loaded with fura-2 AM (2.5 μm, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 20 min (37°C, 5% CO2). Cells were then washed once and incubated in the medium for another 20 min to allow the de-esterification of the acetoxy methylester (AM) group. After that, the culturing dish was transferred to an automated, computer-controlled stage embedded on the Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 microscope and imaged using the physiology module of the Zeiss Zen software (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, Thornwood, NY). A series of fluorescent images (excitation at 340 and 380 nm, emission at 510 nm) were taken using an AxioCam MRm digital camera (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, Thornwood, NY) at a frame rate of 1 Hz during the first 90 s, 0.2 Hz during the next 60 s, 0.033 Hz from 2.5 min to 10 min, and 0.0166 Hz from 10 to 20 min. For each cell, 3 regions of interest (ROIs) were randomly selected in the cytoplasm. [Ca2+]i of each cell was calculated from the average F340/F380 ratio (Grynkiewicz et al, 1985 (link)) of 3 ROIs, using a standard curve generated by a calcium calibration buffer kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA).
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9

Fluorescent Microsphere Labeling and Imaging of C. elegans

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The protocol was modified from Kiyama et al., (2012) (link). Briefly, Fluoresbrite Plain YG 45.58um +/−0.80um solid latex microspheres in water (Polysciences Inc. 9003-53-6, catalog #18242, lot# 589756) were dissolved in 90% ethanol at a concentration of 3.64×10^10 and diluted 1:1000 in S-basal. 10^8 microspheres were applied to 60mm NGM dishes and spread with a flame-sterilized glass spreader. The S-basal was allowed to soak into the NGM overnight and protected from light. Worms were washed 3-4 times in a tabletop microcentrifuge with 1ml of S-basal + 0.1% Tween-20 (SBTw) to remove bacteria, and then applied to a dish. Dishes were incubated with open lids for 15 minutes in the dark, and then 1ml of 50mM sodium azide in SBTw was added to immobilize the worms. Worms were transferred to an Eppendorf tube and pelleted by centrifugation; the supernatant was removed, and ice-cold methanol was added for 10 minutes. Worms were washed once with SBTw and applied to large pre-made 1.5% agarose pads on glass slides with a rectangular coverslip. Slides were imaged on a Zeiss Axioplan fluorescent compound microscope equipped with a Zeiss AxioCam MRm digital camera using a 5x objective.
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10

Staining Caenorhabditis elegans with DiO

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To stain animals with DiO, we followed the protocol of Collins et al., (2008a) with slight modifications. Briefly, ~2mg DiO was dissolved in 1ml dimethyl formamide and then diluted in M9 to a final concentration of 20ug/ml. L4 stage animals were picked into M9, washed once with M9, incubated in DiO solution for 4 hours, washed 3 times with M9, and applied to a large pre-made 1.5% agarose pad with a 20ul drop of 1M sodium azide. After applying a rectangular coverslip, the slides were imaged on a Zeiss Axioplan florescent compound microscope equipped with a Zeiss AxioCam MRm digital camera using a 40x objective. osm-3(p802) and N2 animals were used as positive and negative controls, respectively, for the Dyf-d phenotype.
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